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...cyclopedia of Life Support Systems|EOLSS]] UNESCO |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |pages = 2, 3, 8, 32, 109|isbn=978-1-84826-960-6 |edition=1}}</ref><ref nam ...by [[Ptolemy]], scholars have identified distinct "technical elements" in "Ptolemaic cartographic theory" such as map projection, lines of latitude and longitud ...

...ce of law enforcement exists as far back as the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt|Old Kingdom period]]. There are records of an office known as "Judge Commandant of the ...with military hierarchy appearing in the [[Middle Kingdom of Egypt|Middle Kingdom]] (c.2055–1650 BC).<ref>{{Cite book |first1= John Coleman |last1= Darnell | ...

...nting tables covering the movements of the Sun, Moon and the five planets, Ptolemaic concepts were introduced into Islamic science through this work.<ref>{{Cite ...rs for scientific collaboration were the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and Germany, in that order. Iranian scientists co-authored almost twice as ...