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In some models, generalized Chaplygin gas is considered, where <math>\alpha</math> is a pa [[Category:Physical cosmology]] ...

|journal=Physical Review Letters |date=15 February 1988 |journal=Physical Review Letters |date=15 February 1988 ...

...ite wavelength | publisher=American Physical Society | year=1993 |journal= Physical Review Letters |volume= 70| issue=5 | pages=564–567 |doi= 10.1103/PhysRevL [[Category:Exactly solvable models]] ...

...ns for unidirectional [[compartmental models in epidemiology|compartmental models]] dynamics on trees, which were strictly derived from BP.<ref name="Lokhov- |title=Dynamic message-passing equations for models with unidirectional dynamics ...

...el (SLS) for attenuation and dispersion''' is one of many [[mathematical Q models]] that gives a definition of how the earth responds to [[seismic waves]]. W ...s. Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 46, 293–320.</ref> compared different Q models including the above model (SLS-model). ...

...F.|last3=Moretti|first3=Stefano|date=2014-01-13|title=Three-Higgs-doublet models: symmetries, potentials and Higgs boson masses|journal=Journal of High Ener ...n couplings in proton–proton collisions at √s=13 TeV |journal=The European Physical Journal C |year=2019|volume=79 |issue=5 |page=421 |doi=10.1140/epjc/s10052- ...

...63, 1976, p 334; '' Toward a theory of the strong interactions ''. In: '' Physical Review D ''. Volume 17, 1979, p 2717</ref> In the 1980s, he worked with [[l ...

{{Short description|Dimension for scale of a physical system}} ...acteristic length''' is an important dimension that defines the scale of a physical system. Often, such a length is used as an input to a formula in order to ...

...of the [[capital stock]] of a firm, nation or other entity, either through physical depreciation, obsolescence or changes in the demand for the services of the ==Models== ...

...: First-order [[phase transition]] versus deconfinement of spinons|journal=Physical Review B|volume=73|issue=18|year=2006|page=184420 |issn=1098-0121|doi=10.11 ...correlations, and order-parameter fluctuations on finite lattices|journal=Physical Review B|volume=45|issue=14|year=1992|pages=7832–7836|issn=0163-1829|doi=10 ...

...chs, R. K.| name-list-style= amp | title=Some spatially inhomogeneous dust models | journal=J. Math. Phys. | date=1966 | volume=7 | pages=443 | doi=10.1063/1 [[Category:Physical cosmology]] ...

...hat this behavior requires at least two degrees of freedom for dark energy models involving ideal gases or scalar fields.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cai|first1 ...2=Taotao |last3=Xia |first3=Jun-Qing |last4=Zhang |first4=Xinmin |journal= Physical Review D | volume=79 |issue=2 |pages=021303 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.79.02130 ...

...le=Critical behaviour of SU(n) quantum chains and topological non-linear σ-models |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(88)90117-4 |journal=Nuclear Physics ...ps://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.077204 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=077204 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett. ...

In physical models, the coefficients <math>\sigma^\alpha</math> are treated as [[Goldstone bos ...omenological Lagrangians. I | journal=Physical Review | publisher=American Physical Society (APS) | volume=177 | issue=5 | date=1969-01-25 | issn=0031-899X | d ...

...n its use as an indicator of [[quantum phase transitions]]—specifically in models with metal-insulator transitions such as [[Mott insulators]]. It is also re |journal=[[Physical Review B]] ...

...systems, and [[cascading failure]] in physics infrastructure networks. The models capture some essential properties of such phenomenon. ...bcode=2008PhyA..387.2637K}}</ref> Watt's threshold model is one of the few models that shows qualitative differences on multiplex networks and single layer n ...

...sion of mathematical models in the light of new information collected from physical experiments and field observations.<ref>Oberkampf WL and Pilch M. [https:// ...reated separately and [[Verification and validation of computer simulation models#Verification|verification, validation]] and [[uncertainty quantification]] ...

...=https://journals.aps.org/pre/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevE.87.042123 |journal=Physical Review E |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=042123 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevE.87.042123| ...nals.aps.org/prresearch/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023113 |journal=Physical Review Research |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=023113 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevResear ...

'''Hierarchical network models''' are iterative algorithms for creating [[Complex network|networks]] which ...fficient as the number of nodes increases, in the case of the hierarchical models there is no relationship between the size of the network and its average cl ...

'''Mathematical Q models''' provide a model of the earth's response to [[seismic wave]]s. In [[refle ...ca 46, 293–320.</ref> published an article where they compared different Q models. ...