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...hy of mathematics]], [[Metaphysics]], [[Analytic Philosophy|Early Analytic Philosophy]] (especially [[Gottlob Frege|Frege]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein|Wittgenstei |work_institutions = [[University of California, Irvine]] ...

...in flux''. ''Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Volume 14: Philosophy of Linguistics''. Elsevier.</ref> ...pe theory and language: From perception to linguistic communication. Draft of book chapters available from https://sites.google.com/site/typetheorywithre ...

The '''Brown–Gibson model''' is one of the many techniques for [[Multi-criteria decision analysis|multi-attribute </ref> This is one of the few models which integrates both [[objectivity (science)|objective]] and [[subjectivity|subjective]] factors in [[decision making]] ...

...}}</ref><ref name="Foo2001">Foo, N. (2001). Conceptual Spaces—The Geometry of Thought. ''AI Magazine, 22''(1), 139–140. Retrieved from [https://web.archi ...]] library: studies in epistemology, logic, methodology, and philosophy of science |volume=359 |location=Cham |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |isbn=978-3319150 ...

...umb|Oresme's geometric verification of the Oxford Calculators' Merton Rule of uniform acceleration, or mean speed theorem.]] ...ight|[[Galileo]]'s demonstration of the law of the space traversed in case of uniformly varied motion. It is the same demonstration that [[Oresme]] had m ...

| region = [[Western philosophy]] | era = [[Contemporary philosophy]] ...

{{short description|System of laws of thought}} {{About|the Hegelian and Marxist method|the formalisation of dialectic in logic|Logic and dialectic}} ...

...Lvóv-Warsaw School], by [[Jan Woleński]] in the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/4612/lf ...foreign to the character of logical inquiry that a thorough re-examination of the two inferences (existential generalization and universal instantiation) ...

| office1 = [[Association for Symbolic Logic|President of the ASL]] ...= [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|President of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] ...

...'M'' inside ''N''. For example, every [[reduct]] or definitional expansion of a structure ''N'' has an interpretation in ''N''. ...table theory|stable]] and ''M'' is interpretable in ''N'', then the theory of ''M'' is also stable. ...

...the [[University of Salzburg]]. He has written extensively on the subject of [[free logic]], a term which he coined.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = The Definition of E! in Free Logic ...

...ross section of Norton's dome, where ''h'' and ''x'' are measured in units of <math> 2g^2/(3b^4)</math>.]] ...em? The view from Norton's dome|journal=European Journal for Philosophy of Science|volume=2|issue=3|pages=275–297|doi=10.1007/s13194-011-0040-8|citeseerx=10.1 ...

...cal]], [[Moral philosophy|moral]], and [[Philosophy and economics|economic philosophy]], as well as [[Electoral system|electoral systems]] and [[welfare economic ...orem states that any [[social choice function]] is given by a weighted sum of individual [[utility function]]s, so long as the social choice function sat ...

== Substitution of variables == == Substitution property of equality == ...

...u/research/iep/r/reductio.htm |encyclopedia = The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title = Reductio ad absurdum |author = Nicholas Rescher |access-date = 21 This argument form traces back to [[Ancient Greek philosophy]] and has been used throughout history in both formal mathematical and phil ...

{{short description|Solid mechanics model of a weightless beam under a bending moment}} ...s applied to a [[Beam (structure)|beam]] without the simultaneous presence of [[Cylinder stress|axial]], [[Shear stress|shear]], or [[Torsion (mechanics) ...

{{Short description|Measure of fairness in machine learning models}} ...1/lectures/FairML2.pdf |website=www2.cs.duke.edu/ |publisher=Duke Computer Science}}</ref> satisfying the formula: ...

...time]] of the algorithm with nearly minimal length, rather than the length of the minimal algorithm. ...gical Depth |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00224-016-9672-6 |journal=Theory of Computing Systems |language=en |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=280–298 |doi=10.1 ...

...argument's conclusion. Valid arguments must be clearly expressed by means of sentences called [[well-formed formula|well-formed formulas]] (also called The '''validity''' of an argument can be tested, proved or disproved, and depends on its [[logica ...

{{Short description|Concept in the science of signs}} ...ology''') is a concept in the field of [[semiotics]], which is the science of signs. ...