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...the [[University of Salzburg]]. He has written extensively on the subject of [[free logic]], a term which he coined.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = The Definition of E! in Free Logic ...

...umb|Oresme's geometric verification of the Oxford Calculators' Merton Rule of uniform acceleration, or mean speed theorem.]] ...ight|[[Galileo]]'s demonstration of the law of the space traversed in case of uniformly varied motion. It is the same demonstration that [[Oresme]] had m ...

...better human beings.<ref>Kant, Immanuel. ''Religion Within the Boundaries of Mere Reason''. 6:50. p. 94.</ref>}} ...ndeed be possible under natural conditions.<ref>Kant, Immanuel. ''Critique of Pure Reason''. A548/B576. p. 473.</ref>}} ...

{{Short description|Argument in philosophy of mathematics}} ...ics)|mathematical structuralism]].<ref>Stewart Shapiro (1997) ''Philosophy of Mathematics: Structure and Ontology'' New York: Oxford University Press, p. ...

{{Short description|Axiom used in logic and philosophy}} ...e [[law of excluded middle]] written in a form that involves only one sort of connective, namely implication. ...

{{short description|System of laws of thought}} {{About|the Hegelian and Marxist method|the formalisation of dialectic in logic|Logic and dialectic}} ...

{{Short description|Hans Christian Ørsted's law on electric current}} O. Zajkov, Physics Institute, [[Ss. Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje]], Macedonia.</ref>)]] ...

...ross section of Norton's dome, where ''h'' and ''x'' are measured in units of <math> 2g^2/(3b^4)</math>.]] ...ystem? The view from Norton's dome|journal=European Journal for Philosophy of Science|volume=2|issue=3|pages=275–297|doi=10.1007/s13194-011-0040-8|citese ...

== Substitution of variables == == Substitution property of equality == ...

...ription|Specific, usually well-known application of a mathematical rule or law}} ...special case which is in some way qualitatively different from almost all of the cases allowed. ...

...) is a [[benchmark (computing)|benchmark]] for evaluating the capabilities of [[large language models]]. ...capabilities of large language models, with over 100 million downloads as of July 2024.<ref name=nyt/><ref name=huggingface/> ...

...pnas.2117024119 |pmid=35217613|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|year=2022 |volume=119|issue=9 |pages=e2117024119|pmc=8892366 |arxi & (xy)^* = y^* x^* \text{ (the order of multiplication is inverted), and } \\ ...

...a concept within stochastic formulations of the [[De Broglie–Bohm theory]] of [[Quantum mechanics|quantum physics]]. ...w.youtube.com/watch?v=XYZV9crCZM8|website=youtube.com|publisher=Philosophy of Cosmology|access-date=23 December 2016|date=2013}}</ref>]] ...

...n Intellectual Biography|last=Brobjer|first=Thomas H.|publisher=University Of Illinois Press|year=2008|isbn=9780252032455|pages=149}}</ref> ...88|location=Münchenpages=12}}</ref> Mainländer aims to free the philosophy of Schopenhauer from its metaphysical tendencies.<ref name=Mainlander/>{{rp|60 ...

{{Other uses|Law (disambiguation)}} ...or [[prediction|predict]] a range of [[natural phenomena]].<ref>{{OED|law of nature}}</ref> The more significant laws are often called [[theorem]]s. ...

| name = On the Equilibrium of Planes I-II | image = File:On the Equilibrium of Planes.jpg ...

...philosopher of science [[Mark Colyvan]] that argues for an inertial model of [[population dynamics]]. ...tary adjustments can always be made to prevent a complete rejection of the law.<ref name=":1" /> ...

...Soc.}}</ref> the model is notable as a mathematically transparent example of [[coarse-grained modeling|coarse-graining]]<ref name="Gottwald&Oliver">{{ci ...s a site occupied by a ball, which is ''black'' or ''white''. After a unit of time, each ball moves to a neighboring point counterclockwise. Whenever a b ...

...]].<ref>[[Willard Van Orman Quine|Quine, Willard Van Orman]], ''Philosophy of Logic''.</ref> ...://www.iep.utm.edu/logcon/ Logical Consequence]'' Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</ref> ...

...48-6 |pages=80–81 |language=en}}</ref> It is the most widely known example of duality in logic.<ref name=":0" /> The duality consists in these [[metalogi ...nction]] can be defined in terms of each other, and consequently, only one of them needs to be taken as primitive.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":0" /> ...