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...thor=Garson, James W.|chapter=Quantification in modal logic|title=Handbook of philosophical logic|volume=3|publisher=Springer Netherlands|year=2001|pages ...in a [[classical modal logic]] (but not necessarily in other formulations of modal logic) to ...

{{Short description|Concept of logic or linguistics}} ...''' if it lacks a [[denotation]] but can nonetheless affect the denotation of a larger expression which contains it. Syncategorematic expressions are con ...

...Lvóv-Warsaw School], by [[Jan Woleński]] in the [[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/4612/lf ...foreign to the character of logical inquiry that a thorough re-examination of the two inferences (existential generalization and universal instantiation) ...

...u/research/iep/r/reductio.htm |encyclopedia = The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title = Reductio ad absurdum |author = Nicholas Rescher |access-date = 21 This argument form traces back to [[Ancient Greek philosophy]] and has been used throughout history in both formal mathematical and phil ...

{{Short description|Type of fallacy in modal logic}} ...lacious|access-date=29 July 2023}}</ref> most commonly confusing the scope of what is [[Necessarily true|''necessarily'' true]]. A statement is considere ...

{{short description|System of propositional logic developed by the Stoic philosophers}} '''Stoic logic''' is the system of [[propositional logic]] developed by the [[Stoicism|Stoic]] philosophers in ...

| name = On the Equilibrium of Planes I-II | image = File:On the Equilibrium of Planes.jpg ...

{{Short description|Concept in the science of signs}} ...ology''') is a concept in the field of [[semiotics]], which is the science of signs. ...

...erimental research from its origins in [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo's]] study of gravity into the diversely applied method in use today. ...traight lines only.... We have explained this exhaustively in our ''[[Book of Optics]]''."<ref name=Sambursky /> —[[Alhazen]] ]] ...

...ed Z. Buchwald|author2=Robert Fox|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Physics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SxoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|date=10 ...coveries later played prominent roles in physical theories, as in the case of the conic sections in [[celestial mechanics]].]] ...

...0/http://control.ee.ethz.ch/~apnoco/Script/15.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> of fuzzy logic. ...r that has no finite description whatsoever, remains somewhat in the realm of [[paradox]].<ref>{{cite book| publisher=Princeton University Press| last=Ru ...

{{Short description|Range of views in political science and philosophy}} {{Cleanup|reason=improve verifiability, reliability and quality of the sources|date=April 2016}} ...

...e is usually understood as a private [[mental state]]. In [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], evidence is limited to intuitive knowledge, often associa ...[[theory-ladenness]] are two obstacles that threaten to undermine the role of scientific evidence. ...

...[[Validity (logic)|validity]]; a formula is ''valid'' if every assignment of values to its variables makes the formula true. For example, <math>x+3=3+x< ...(mathematical logic)|formal theory]], which is a (finite or infinite) set of axioms. ...

{{short description|Transformation of a geometric space preserving structure}} ...le:Glide reflection.svg|right|thumb|300px|A [[glide reflection]] is a type of Euclidean motion.]] ...

...t.IWMPST14268.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Minister of Aircraft Production|Ministry of Aircraft Production]] poster on aerodynamics]] ...cs]] concerned with the study of the motion of [[air]]. It is a sub-field of [[fluid dynamics|fluid]] and [[gas dynamics]], and the term "aerodynamics" ...

<!-- Please note the background of Tusi is constantly vandalized by ips- that is why it is sourced more predom | caption = Iranian stamp for the 700th anniversary of his death ...

{{Short description|Branch of physics}} [[File:LorentzianWormhole.jpg|thumb|Visual representation of a [[Wormhole#Schwarzschild_wormholes|Schwarzschild wormhole]]. Wormholes ha ...

...orial board. In 1928, Hilbert had Brouwer removed from the editorial board of ''Mathematische Annalen''. ...graphy of [[Kurt Gödel]], [[John W. Dawson, Jr]], observed that "partisans of three principal philosophical positions took part in the debate"<ref name=" ...

{{About||the symbol|Infinity symbol|other uses of "Infinity" and "Infinite"}} ...|The [[Sierpiński triangle]] contains infinitely many (scaled-down) copies of itself.]] ...