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...Toronto]] <small>([[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]])</small><br />[[University of California, Berkeley]] <small>([[Ph.D.]])</small> ...], [[philosophy of language]], [[philosophy of mathematics]], [[philosophy of mind]] ...

{{Short description|Theorized increase of longevity with age}} ...ies a resistance to change, obsolescence, or competition, and greater odds of continued existence into the future.<ref name=Taleb2012>{{cite book |author ...

...first to counter-intuitive choices, and then to incoherence as the utility of every choice becomes unbounded. ...many objections to the Pascal's Wager dilemma that are based on the nature of infinity.{{Sfn|Bostrom|2009}} ...

...ers problem''' studies how to perform a [[secure multi-party computation]] of the boolean-XOR function. [[David Chaum]] first proposed this problem in th ...''dining'', the dining cryptographers problem is unrelated to the [[dining philosophers problem]]. ...

{{About|the math prizes|the technology prize|Millennium Technology Prize}} ...the Millennium Meeting held on May 24, 2000. Thus, on the official website of the Clay Mathematics Institute, these seven problems are officially called ...

...s]], in which case there exists no well-defined optimal choice. An example of this is [[Efron dice]]. ...s://plato.stanford.edu/entries/preferences/ |journal=Stanford Encyclopedia of Economics}}</ref> ...

<!-- Please note the background of Tusi is constantly vandalized by ips- that is why it is sourced more predom | caption = Iranian stamp for the 700th anniversary of his death ...

...information into natural language, '''REG''' focuses only on the creation of [[referring expression]]s (noun phrases) that identify specific entities ca ...lit into two sections. The ''content selection'' part determines which set of properties distinguish the intended target and the ''linguistic realization ...

{{short description|Study of the scope and nature of logic}} ...to the philosophy of logic as the discipline investigating the properties of formal logical systems, like [[consistency]] and [[Completeness (logic)|com ...

{{short description|Aesthetic value of mathematics}} ...mb|An example of "beauty in method"—a simple and elegant visual descriptor of the [[Pythagorean theorem]].]] ...

...at positively influencing the long-term [[future]] is a key moral priority of our time. It is an important concept in [[effective altruism]] and a primar ...er suggest, to those advocating longtermism, that it is the responsibility of those living now to ensure that future generations get to survive and flour ...

[[File:Macro history economists.jpg|thumb|alt=Composite images of various people related to macroeconomic theory.| ...thought that [[market clearing|markets always clear]], leaving no surplus of goods and no willing labor left idle.{{sfn|Snowdon|Vane|2005|p=69}} ...

{{Short description|Quantum state, of opposed conditions}} ...y distinct states is also referred to as a cat state. A cat state could be of one or more modes or particles, therefore it is not necessarily an entangle ...

...447).jpg|thumb|320px|[[Peter Singer]] is one of the prominent philosophers of [[effective altruism]].]] ...many lives you save or how much good you otherwise do with a given amount of resources''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schubert |first=Stefan |url=https://fdsl ...

...elfish pleasure derived from "doing good", regardless of the actual impact of one's generosity. Within the warm-glow framework, people may be "impurely a ...rst2=Matthew D.|last3=Zaki|first3=Jamil|date=2015|title=The Emerging Study of Positive Empathy|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12m108p4|journal=Soci ...

...sciousness: here, there and everywhere?|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=370|issue=1668| .... Therefore, it should be possible to account for the conscious experience of a physical system by unfolding its complete causal powers.<ref name=Tononi2 ...

{{History of the Netherlands}} The following list is composed of objects, concepts, phenomena and processes that were discovered or invented ...

{{Short description|Period of cultural flourishing from 786 to 1258}} | image4 = 1950 "Avicenna" stamp of Iran.jpg ...

{{Short description|Description of large objects' physics}} ...of orbital velocity and centripetal acceleration|Diagram of orbital motion of a satellite around the Earth, showing perpendicular velocity and accelerati ...

{{Short description|Overview of scientific and technological developments in Iran/Persia}} ...te]]. [[Iran]] is the [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country#List of first orbital launches by country|9th country to put a domestically built s ...