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...thical Connotations |date=1992 |work=Rational Interaction: Essays in Honor of John C. Harsanyi |pages=305–319 |editor-last=Selten |editor-first=Reinhard ...iven by a weighted sum of individual [[utility function]]s, so long as the social choice function satisfies three conditions:<ref name=":0" /> ...

...epeated head-to-head matchups, voters will (on average) prefer the results of a maximal lottery to the results produced by any other [[voting rule]]. ...ttp://dss.in.tum.de/files/brandt-research/welfare.pdf Arrovian Aggregation of Convex Preferences]. Econometrica. 88(2), pages 799-844, 2020.</ref> ...

...ross section of Norton's dome, where ''h'' and ''x'' are measured in units of <math> 2g^2/(3b^4)</math>.]] ...em? The view from Norton's dome|journal=European Journal for Philosophy of Science|volume=2|issue=3|pages=275–297|doi=10.1007/s13194-011-0040-8|citeseerx=10.1 ...

...first to counter-intuitive choices, and then to incoherence as the utility of every choice becomes unbounded. ...many objections to the Pascal's Wager dilemma that are based on the nature of infinity.{{Sfn|Bostrom|2009}} ...

...447).jpg|thumb|320px|[[Peter Singer]] is one of the prominent philosophers of [[effective altruism]].]] ...many lives you save or how much good you otherwise do with a given amount of resources''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schubert |first=Stefan |url=https://fdsl ...

...s]], in which case there exists no well-defined optimal choice. An example of this is [[Efron dice]]. ...s://plato.stanford.edu/entries/preferences/ |journal=Stanford Encyclopedia of Economics}}</ref> ...

...thics<br />[[Mathematics]]<br />philosophy<br />[[Religious study]]<br />[[Social issues]]<br />Education ...iversity of Warsaw]]<br />[[Polish Academy of Sciences]]<br />[[University of Amsterdam]] ...

...[[wikt:doxastic|doxastic]] attitude. For example, a perceptual experience of a tree may serve as evidence to justify the belief that there is a tree. In ...[[theory-ladenness]] are two obstacles that threaten to undermine the role of scientific evidence. ...

{{Not to be confused with|Marxism}}{{Short description|School of economic thought}} ...ocialist construction in the Soviet Union, contributing to the development of Soviet [[Political economy|Political Economy]]. ...

...elfish pleasure derived from "doing good", regardless of the actual impact of one's generosity. Within the warm-glow framework, people may be "impurely a ...of Positive Empathy|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12m108p4|journal=Social and Personality Psychology Compass|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=57–68 ...

...ed Z. Buchwald|author2=Robert Fox|title=The Oxford Handbook of the History of Physics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1SxoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|date=10 ...coveries later played prominent roles in physical theories, as in the case of the conic sections in [[celestial mechanics]].]] ...

...ater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] | footnotes = He was the father of [[William De Morgan]]. ...

...ero. Negative marginal utility implies that every consumed additional unit of a commodity causes more harm than good, leading to a decrease in overall ut ...Utility |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/law-of-diminishing-marginal-utility/ |website=Corporate Finance institute |languag ...

{{Short description|Period of cultural flourishing from 786 to 1258}} | image4 = 1950 "Avicenna" stamp of Iran.jpg ...

[[File:Macro history economists.jpg|thumb|alt=Composite images of various people related to macroeconomic theory.| ...thought that [[market clearing|markets always clear]], leaving no surplus of goods and no willing labor left idle.{{sfn|Snowdon|Vane|2005|p=69}} ...

{{Short description|Branch of applied mathematics}} ...08). "mathematical economics", section II, ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?i ...

...5) Why Most Published Research Findings Are False.pdf|thumb|alt=first page of research paper|Ioannidis (2005): "[[Why Most Published Research Findings Ar ...ries building on them and potentially call into question substantial parts of scientific knowledge. ...

...udents taking an exam in order to apply for the Don Bosco Technical School of [[Sihanoukville (city)|Sihanoukville]] in 2008]] ...determined area that requires a test taker to demonstrate or perform a set of skills. ...

{{Short description|Overview of scientific and technological developments in Iran/Persia}} ...te]]. [[Iran]] is the [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country#List of first orbital launches by country|9th country to put a domestically built s ...

| alt = Black-and-white photograph of Hawking at NASA's StarChild Learning Center ..., Oxford]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|[[Trinity Hall, Cambridge]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}} ...