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...n support of the [[existence of God]]. Such arguments tend to refer to the state of [[being]] or [[Existence|existing]]. More specifically, ontological argu ...at there must be a "necessary existent".<ref>Adamson, Peter (2013-07-04). "From the necessary existent to God". In Adamson, Peter (ed.). Interpreting Avice ...

...2307/1423073|jstor=1423073|pmid=8585601}}</ref> He received a scholarship from the [[University of Bonn]] and continued his postdoctoral research under ph ...ypnotism (1889), a motion was put forward to ban non-medical practitioners from using hypnosis.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Shamdasani|first=Sonu|dat ...

...e=The New Moral Mathematics |url=https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/the-new-moral-mathematics/ |work=Boston Review}}</ref> These three ideas taken toge ...ime".<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":04" />{{Rp|page=4}} He distinguishes it from ''strong longtermism'', "the view that positively influencing the longterm ...

...ьтуры, Volume 29, pp.&nbsp;285–295 (Publishing House of [[Saint Petersburg State University]], [[Saint Petersburg]]) ...Mathematical Journal]], Volume 55, Number 1, pp.&nbsp;118–124 (translated from the [https://www.univie.ac.at/EMIS/journals/SMZ/2014/01/147.pdf Russian ver ...

...circular [[geocentricism|geocentric]] paths as taught by the ancient Greek philosophers [[Aristotle]] and [[Ptolemy]]. Variations in the motions of the planets wer Despite developing these laws from observations, Kepler was never able to develop a theory to explain these mo ...

...to the new setting in which epistemic logic was used, new perspectives and new features such as [[Computability theory|computability]] issues were then ad ...hat <math>i</math>, not knowing <math>p</math>, will drive on the left. So from <math>i</math>’s point of view, <math>j</math> might drive on the left as w ...

...Gérard Duménil, 2008, "Marx's analysis of capitalist production," ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryof ...o inconsistency, failed predictions, and scrutiny of nominally [[communist state|communist]] countries' [[Soviet-type economic planning|economic planning]] ...

...ied the argument in his first book on [[consciousness]], ''[[The Emperor's New Mind]]'' (1989), where he used it to provide the basis of his theory of con ...rt of proof, that no such limitations apply to the human intellect."</ref> From this point of view Lucas can appreciate that he can't assert the sentence-a ...

...shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on further and further from the nucleus. The shells correspond to the [[principal quantum number]]s ('' ...that are in accord with those now known only for the first six elements. "From the above we are led to the following possible scheme for the arrangement o ...

{{Short description|Quantum state, of opposed conditions}} ...e or more modes or particles, therefore it is not necessarily an entangled state. Such cat states have been experimentally realized in various ways and at v ...

...or the universe's hidden geometry|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|year=2019|bibcode=2019shli.book.....Y }}</ref> ...y]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eccc.hpi-web.de/report/2011/108/ |title=Why Philosophers Should Care About Computational Complexity |date=14 August 2011 |author=Sco ...

...nalities between various logical [[formal system]]s and on how they differ from non-logical formal systems. Important considerations in this respect are wh ...the basic formalism and the axioms of classical logic but extend them with new logical vocabulary. Deviant logics, on the other hand, reject certain core ...

...gu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘ ...0-7914-6800-5 |page=167 |quote=In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems ...

...}}.</ref> The qualifier ''classical'' distinguishes this type of mechanics from physics developed after the [[History of physics#20th century: birth of mod If the present state of an object that obeys the laws of classical mechanics is known, it is pos ...

...[Robert Lucas, Jr.|Robert Lucas]] and other [[new classical macroeconomics|new classical macroeconomists]] criticized Keynesian models that did not work u ...nkiw|2006|pp=37–38}} The [[Great Recession]] led to a retrospective on the state of the field and some popular attention turned toward [[heterodox economics ...

...ainly [[thermal conduction]], [[radiation]], and [[friction]], as distinct from the macroscopic modes, thermodynamic work and transfer of matter.<ref>{{Cit ...can also be written with the dot notation) since heat is not a function of state.<ref name="Baierlein1999">Baierlein, R. (1999), p. 21.</ref> [[Heat flux]] ...

...number of degree holders to more than four to five times that of the Tang. From the Song dynasty onward, the examinations played the primary role in select ...rn examination system for selecting civil servants also indirectly evolved from the imperial one.<ref>Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (2010). ''The Cambridge Illus ...

...phical nature of infinity]] has been the subject of many discussions among philosophers. In the 17th century, with the introduction of the infinity symbol<ref name [[Aristotle]] (350 BC) distinguished ''potential infinity'' from ''[[actual infinity]]'', which he regarded as impossible due to the various ...

...|thumb|Each point in the [[Bloch sphere|Bloch ball]] is a possible quantum state for a [[qubit]]. In QBism, all quantum states are representations of person ...le outcomes of measurements. For this reason, some [[Philosophy of science|philosophers of science]] have deemed QBism a form of [[anti-realism]].<ref>{{Cite book| ...

{{Short description|Benefit derived from consuming a product}} ...escribes the change in ''[[utility]]'' (pleasure or satisfaction resulting from the consumption) of one unit of a good or service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ma ...