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...mally occurs in the [[endoplasmic reticulum]] or the outer [[mitochondrial membrane]]. This is an [[adenosine triphosphate]] (ATP)-requiring reaction with [[Fa ...e for free [[carnitine]] to the inner surface of the [[inner mitochondrial membrane]]. There [[carnitine acyltransferase II]] reverses the process, producing f ...

...HT, Gallop JL | title = Membrane curvature and mechanisms of dynamic cell membrane remodelling | journal = Nature | volume = 438 | issue = 7068 | pages = 590– ...thought experiment. If you [[Cross section (geometry)|cross-section]] the membrane surface at a point under consideration using two planes that are perpendicu ...

...[[Gram-negative bacteria|gram-negative cells]] it is located in the inner membrane. The divisome is nearly ubiquitous in bacteria although its composition ma The '''elongasome''' is a modified version of the divisome, without the membrane-constricting [[FtsZ]]-ring and its associated machinery. The elongasome is ...

...ing of the human body. Fusion of [[biological membranes]] is mediated by [[membrane fusion protein|protein]]s. Regardless of the complexity of the system, fusi [[Image:Membrane fusion via stalk formation.jpg|900px|center]] ...

...es of bilayer material properties in function and distribution of membrane proteins | journal = Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure | volume ...s down to sub-microscopic. Thus, forces initially applied to an unstressed membrane are not actually changing the lipid packing but are rather “smoothing out” ...

...properties that existing technologies lack. For example, carbon [[nanotube membrane]]s can demonstrate higher water flux with lower energy than current membran ...incredibly difficult. The easier method is to produce a randomly arranged membrane with the drawback that it will not perform as well as the aligned. Other im ...

...tic of size-based membrane.svg|upright|thumb|150px|Schematic of size-based membrane exclusion]] ...us; and tissue membranes, such as [[mucous membrane|mucosae]] and [[serous membrane|serosae]]. Synthetic membranes are made by humans for use in [[laboratory| ...

...oam forms closer to the originating liquid, while dry foam develops at the outer boundaries. As such, what most people usually understand as foam is actuall ...t1= R.W.| last2=Gaden| first2=E.L.| year=1959| title=Foam fractionation of proteins: Concentration of aqueous solutions of bovine serum albumin |journal=[[Jour ...

...ournal |vauthors=Goñi F, Alonso A |title=Sphingomyelinases: enzymology and membrane activity |journal=FEBS Lett |volume=531 |issue=1 |pages=38–46 |year=2002 |p * As [[biological membrane]]s are integral to living cells and are largely composed of [[phospholipid] ...

...3"/> At this point in the processing, the milk fat globules and the casein proteins do not interact with each other. The formation of the small globules (belo ...=CRC Press|isbn=9780824751227|language=en}}</ref> The denaturation of whey proteins is also known for increasing the strength of the cross-linking within the c ...

...ATP). This creation of a gradient across the [[Cell membrane|mitochondrial membrane]] causes energy to be lost as heat.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www ...ice formation in the extracellular body water, activated by ice nucleating proteins. ...

...possesses a unique morphology trait exclusive to the Thermotoga genus, an outer sheath-like structure dubbed a “toga”.<ref name=":1" /> ''T. naphthophila'' ...nts.<ref name=":1" /> ''Thermotoga naphthophila'' was unable to survive on proteins, amino acids, organic acids, alcohols, chitin, or hydrocarbons as a sole ca ...

...r Crowding Enhances Native State Stability and Refolding Rates of Globular Proteins|journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. |year=2005|volume=102|issue=13|pages=4753–47 ...o an [[osmotic pressure]] that is [[anisotropic]] in nature, acting on the outer sides of the colloids and promoting flocculation.<ref name="[2] Phys. Rev. ...

...umb|A - terminal connected to the inner surface, B - terminal connected to outer surface, C - gasholder, D - calcium chloride drying tube, E - battery, G - ...on an average of 2.4 amino groups per square nanometer of a nitrocellulose membrane, and increase the strength at which the layers of the substrate can bind. T ...

...carbonoclastic bacteria have two fundamental characteristics: (1) specific membrane-bound [[dioxygenase]]s<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gibson|first1=D. T.|last2=P ...is due to hydrophobic fimbriae, fibrils, lipids and proteins of the outer membrane and some small molecules of the cell surface, such as [[gramicidin S]] and ...

*Excess copper interferes with microbial cell membrane integrity, leading to leakage of specific essential cell nutrients, such as ...an excess situation (as on a copper alloy surface), copper binds to other proteins that do not require copper. This "inappropriate" binding leads to loss-of-f ...

...by transducing [[chemical energy]] into [[mechanical energy]]. These motor proteins are classified as [[myosin]]s, [[kinesin]]s, or [[dynein]]s. Myosin motors ...les]]. These are made from secreted slimy or sticky [[polysaccharide]]s or proteins that provide protection for the cells and are in direct contact with the en ...

...g analysis, ensemble experiments involve taking measurements of multiple [[proteins]] that are in various states of transition between their [[Protein folding| ...ar sites in order to understand the structural dynamics within the [[lipid membrane]], thus allowing them to generalize similar dynamics for similar motifs in ...

...by transducing [[chemical energy]] into [[mechanical energy]]. These motor proteins are classified as [[myosin]]s, [[kinesin]]s, or [[dynein]]s. Myosin motors ...integrated with enzymes such as transmembrane adenosine 5’-triphosphatase, membrane-bound acid phosphatase, or urease exhibit enhanced mobility correlating wit ...

...ch 2021}} In biological cells and [[organelle]]s, water is in contact with membrane and protein surfaces that are [[hydrophilic]]; that is, surfaces that have ...theorized to be the impacts of asteroids or comets carrying water from the outer Solar System, where bodies contain much more water ice.<ref>{{Cite journal ...