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...roducts through the action of [[samarium(II) iodide]], a mild one-electron reducing agent.<ref name=OrgReact>{{cite book |last1=Molander |first1=Gary A.|title= ...rium(II) iodide and ytterbium iodide and their use as reducing or coupling agents|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society |volume=102|pages=2693|yea ...

...also be generated in situ by reaction of one equivalent of zinc dust with one equivalent of [[copper(I) chloride]] (or copper powder) in refluxing [[diet ...r of reductive coupling of [[carbonyl compounds]], and to [[redox|reduce]] electron-deficient [[alkenes]] and [[alkynes]]. [[Sonication]] has been employed to ...

...shown to be effective in degrading certain chemical and biological warfare agents. ...halves. When these motors are placed in a fuel, such as hydrogen peroxide, one [[redox]] half-reaction occurs on each pole according to catalytic activity ...

...]] group from [[organic compound]]s. As the sulfonyl functional group is [[electron]]-withdrawing,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kharasch|first1=Norman|url=https://boo ...t)₂). Alkyl, alkenyl, and allylic sulfones may be reduced using one or more of these methods. ...

...{chem2|[B3O6](3−)}}, consisting of alternating boron and oxygen atoms with one negatively charged extra oxygen atom attached to each boron atom.<ref name= ...th formula {{chem2|NaBO2}}, and some dimers thereof.<ref name=buch1963/> [[Electron diffraction]] studies by Akishin and Spiridonov showed a structure {{chem2| ...

...mant [[Chemical equilibrium|equilibria]] of which there might be more than one.<ref name="JenkinsJones2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Jenkins AD, Jones RG, RDRP – sometimes misleadingly called 'free' radical polymerization – is one of the most widely used polymerization processes since it can be applied ...

...metal clusters typically contain fewer than 10 atoms and measure less than one nanometer in size.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lu |first1=Yan |last2=Chen |fi ...number of [[atom]]s in the nanocluster, [[valence (chemistry)|valence]] [[electron]] counts and encapsulating scaffolds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ott|first1=L ...

...143629 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Some authors classify formatotrophs as one of the five trophic groups of [[methanogen]]s, which also include [[hydroge ...h and is thermodynamically disfavored (△''G'' = +1.3 kJ /mol). So at least one methanogenic partner microorganism must be present to remove hydrogen. Some ...

...luorescent proteins to mark molecular mechanisms and structures. It allows one to experimentally observe the dynamics of [[gene expression]], protein expr ...substrate to produce light. Fluorescence is the physical excitation of an electron, and subsequent return to emit light. ...

{{short description|Atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron; typically highly reactive}} ...The [[hydroxyl radical]], [[Lewis structure]] shown, contains one unpaired electron.]] ...

...ansport]] and attenuation mechanisms with the chemical nature of polluting agents.<ref name="Frega-Macchione">{{cite book |last1=Frega |first1=Giuseppe |last One major goal in the field of [[environmental protection]] and risk mitigation ...

...instrumentation. Titanium is used from head to toe in biomedical implants. One can find titanium in neurosurgery, bone conduction hearing aids, false eye ...between the metal and the surrounding environment.{{Citation needed|reason=One of the reason it is suitable for osseointegration is that bone tissues can ...

...f the hardness ions, (3) lower the operating pressure of the RO process by reducing the feed-water total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration. ...ugh the membrane will decrease and at a given flux, the TMP will increase, reducing the permeability (k). This phenomenon is known as '''[[membrane fouling|fou ...

In the absence of K-edge contrast agents and any other information about the object (e.g. thickness), the limited nu ...ive atomic number (compounds and mixtures)|effective-atomic-number]] and [[electron density]] distributions.<ref name="Alvarez1976" /> As the basis-material re ...

[[File:Configurations of 2 orbital 2 electron system.jpg|thumb|400px|Figure 1. The occupation of 2 orbitals with 2 electr </math> can be described as a single [[Electron configuration|electronic configuration]] with a single [[Slater determinant ...

...ional to wavelength (''ν=c/λ''), which can enable an electron to pass from one level to another if this energy is sufficient and therefore if the waveleng ...n window varies: in the presence of alkali metals, electrons can move from one band to the other more easily, as they are less bound to the non-bridging o ...

...all the external facets is proportional to the surface free energy of each one. This can be viewed as a relationship between the different surface energie ...d interface for the Winterbottom case, two interfaces for summertop and or one, two or three twin boundaries for the modified Wulff construction. Comparab ...

...|first2=Deyi |title=Manage the environmental risks of perovskites |journal=One Earth |date=November 2021 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=1534–1537 |doi=10.1016 ...[[exciton]] binding energy is small. This allows [[electron holes]] and [[electron]]s to be easily separated upon the absorption of a [[photon]]. Moreover, th ...

...n with TTF ([[Tetrathiafulvalene]])) is a chain molecule of almost perfect one-dimensional structure that has a 10-fold better conductivity along the chai ...that required the lowest possible ESR or highest possible ripple current. One OS-CON e-cap could replace three more bulky "wet" e-caps or two Ta-caps.<re ...

...ensitive to voltage spikes or current surges. Solid electrolytes have an ''electron conductivity'', which makes solid electrolytic capacitors sensitive to volt The capacitance is proportional to the product of the area of one plate multiplied with the permittivity, divided by the thickness of the die ...