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...tube of glass with a lower refractive index, fusing the two together, and drawing the composite structure into an optical fiber.<ref name=":02" /> ==Effect on numerical aperture== ...

...ggests, in which the three coordinates are volume, entropy and energy. The numerical data about entropy can only be obtained by integration from data which are ...[phase transition]]s as emerging from a purely continuous and smooth state function <math>U(V,S)</math>; Maxwell's surface demonstrated the generic behaviour f ...

...either a conventional documentation made of two dimensional [[engineering drawing]]s or a documentation based on [[computer-aided design]] (CAD) models with ...n define a group of geometrical features that are contributing to the same function. It could be used to group two or more holes because they constitute one da ...

...eted image removed: [[Image:Broad-beam-schematic.png|thumb|250px|Schematic drawing of a broad beam incident on a multi-layer scattering medium. {{deletable im ...pencil beam]] incident on a scattering medium are referred to as [[Green's function]]s or [[impulse response]]s. Photon transport methods can be directly used ...

In LIC, discrete numerical [[Line integral|line integration]] is performed along the [[field line]]s ( ...e computed using a [[Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations|numerical method for solving ordinary differential equations]], like a [[Runge–Kutta ...

...mum and minimum|local extremum]] of a [[Smoothness|smooth]] [[multivariate function]] <math>J(u)\colon\R^n\to\R</math>, which do moving towards the extremum a ...})</math> with the direction of minimization <math>d^k</math> for a convex function, <math>n=2</math>]] ...

...a type of '''superspiral''' that has the property of a monotonic curvature function.<ref>{{Citation ...with completely monotonic curvature given in terms of Gauss hypergeometric function ...

...ckness formed by heated fluid flow along a plate.jpg|thumb|400px|Schematic drawing depicting fluid flow over a heated flat plate.]] </math> along the wall. The temperature profile is the temperature as a function of <math>y</math> at a fixed <math>x</math> position. ...

...pts he uses in his work include [[trigonometric functions]], [[exponential function]], [[Fibonacci sequence]], [[sawtooth wave]], etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Te ...live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=These Beautiful Images Are Created By Drawing Ellipses |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/hamid-naderi-yeganeh/these-bea ...

...allowing for [[Trigonometric functions|trigonometical]] and [[exponential function]]s. The [[mechanical calculator]]s produced in the same era were generally ...ision. The other ancillary scales are for other purposes ([[transcendental function]]s).{{sfnp|Feely|Schure|1995|p=33}}}} makes its {{convert|500|in|m|sigfig=4 ...

...ods for ordinary differential equations|DE-solver]], [[Library (computing)|function library]], error checker, macro facility, etc., while the design, graphical ...n distributed. The StochSD function PoFlow(expected_value) handles this by drawing a random number for each ''DT''. The modifications to obtain a combined mod ...

...ting the squaring function turns out to be something close to the doubling function. ...th>f(x)=x^2</math>. The "difference quotient" is the rate of change of the function over one of the intervals <math>[x,x+h]</math> defined by the formula: ...

{{short description|Numerical method for solving physical or engineering problems}} FEM is a general [[numerical analysis|numerical method]] for solving [[partial differential equations]] in two- or three-sp ...

...lls and roof of a building is to be wind and watertight. Depending on the function of the building there will be also a requirement to maintain the inside wit | image1 = Section drawing of conventionally insulated air-tight wall.png ...

...ropagation direction according with the transition probabilities, and then drawing a random time out of the relevant JT-PDF.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}} ...e=[29c]>{{cite journal | last=Brown | first=Frank L. H. | title=Generating Function Methods in Single-Molecule Spectroscopy | journal=Accounts of Chemical Rese ...

...to the [[curvature]]. For an evolving curve represented by a two-parameter function {{math|''C''(''s'',''t'')}} where {{mvar|s}} parameterizes the arc length a ...where the curve eventually collapses as an integral over the curve of any function of its points and their derivatives, because such an expression would lead ...

...</math>. Similarly, an [[improper integral]] of a [[function (mathematics)|function]], <math>\textstyle\int_0^\infty f(x)\,dx</math>, is said to converge absol {{defn|defn=The highest value a function attains.}} ...

...ication and nanotechnology, the study of microfluidics and nanofluidics is drawing more attention.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitesides|first=George M.|date=Jul ...ensity of fluid, respectively. The equations above are usually solved with numerical algorithm to determine the velocity, pressure, electric potential, and ioni ...

...e]]'s, [[Plumb bob|plumb lines]], [[Compass (drawing tool)|compasses]] for drawing circles, and sighting tubes for measuring inclination. Reference frames pos * '''[[Numerical approximations of π|Pi calculated as <math>\tfrac{355}{113}</math>]]''': Th ...

...is is why it plays such an important role in old topics like [[perspective drawing]] and new ones like [[computer vision]]. Projective geometry is built aroun ...g scheme discussed above. The second iterate of the pentagram map is the [[function composition|composition]] <math> B \circ A</math>. The maps <math> A </math ...