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In [[fluid mechanics]], [[meteorology]] (weather) and [[oceanography]], a '''trajectory''' traces the motion of a single point, o ...es are useful for tracking atmospheric contaminants, such as smoke plumes, and as constituents to [[Lagrangian coordinates|Lagrangian]] simulations, such ...

...ediction|prognostic model forecasts]]. Because of the complexity of these models, forecast verification goes a good deal beyond simple measures of [[associa ...r example would be a [[climatology|climatological]] forecast: "What is the weather going to be like today? The same as it was, on average, for all the previo ...

...sigma-coordinate representation shown. [[Mesoscale meteorology|Mesoscale]] models divide the atmosphere vertically using representations similar to the one s ...system used in computational models for [[oceanography]], [[meteorology]] and other fields where [[fluid dynamics]] are relevant.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jan ...

...vidual air parcels along their trajectories as opposed to the [[Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field|Eulerian]] description, which cons ...equation is the ''local'' or ''Eulerian'' rate of change of <math>F</math> and the second term is often called the ''advection term''. Note that the Lagra ...

{{Short description|Statistical method for analysing climate data}} ...ble forecasting|weather prediction ensembles]]<ref name="scheretal"/> or [[climate ensemble]]s.<ref name="jewsonetal"/> ...

...dottirjohnson2012"/> and to seasonal forecasts,<ref name="lalicetal2017"/> and has been adapted for precipitation forecasting.<ref name="scheuerer2013"/> ...mble mean is often a better forecast than any of the individual forecasts, and the ensemble standard deviation may give an indication of the uncertainty i ...

through a continuous process of stretching and folding, and <math>s</math> is the path. ...

...001|title=Rothschild Lecture: Large-scale sea ice modeling: societal needs and community development|last=Hunke|first=Elizabeth|date=2017|work=Lecture at ...of Passive Microwave Sea Ice Concentration, Version 3 {{!}} National Snow and Ice Data Center|url=https://nsidc.org/data/g02202/versions/3|language=en|do ...

...of quantities such as [[potential temperature]], [[wind]] speed, moisture and [[Measures of pollutant concentration|pollutant concentration]] because of ..., but is often organized into identifiable structures such as [[thermals]] and [[plume (hydrodynamics)|plume]]s in the CBL.<ref name="Stull">{{cite book|l ...

{{Short description|Forecasts of weather conditions at sea}} ...[shipwreck|sinking]] of the [[Royal Charter (ship)|Royal Charter]] in 1859 and the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']] in 1912. ...

...ubject is Spall (1987) and the foundational paper providing the key theory and justification is Spall (1992). and SPSA use the same iterative process: ...

...l medium|medium]] in local [[thermodynamic equilibrium]] that both absorbs and emits radiation. ...rchive.org/details/atmosphericscien00jmwa|url-access=limited|last1=Wallace and Hobbs|publisher=Elsevier Academic Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-12-732951-2|ed ...

| developer = Ramesh Dhungel and group ...outhern Idaho]], [[Northern California]], northwest [[Kansas]], [[Texas]], and [[Arizona]]. ...

...ectral]] observations, local meteorological models, and global atmospheric models.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Zhongbo |last2=Mall ...explore.ieee.org/document/7855708 |journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing |volume=55 |issue=5 |pages=2993–2999 |doi=10.1109/TGRS.2017. ...

...mate modellers]] and [[remote sensing]] specialists, since the composition and microstructural properties of the ice affect how it reflects or absorbs sun ...fferent interference colors) contain inclusions of brine (saline solution) and air - these lie within the (0001) [[crystallographic plane]].]] ...

...opography of the ridge, it breaks at around 1200 seconds and causes mixing and dissipation of heat. Modified from van Haren, et al. (2017)<ref>{{Cite jour ...udden surface appearance of a red tide in the nearshore |journal=Limnology and Oceanography |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=787–801 |doi=10.4319/lo.2011.56.3.0 ...

[[File:Solar irradiance and temperature 1880-2018.jpeg|alt=The graph shows the solar irradiance without ...variation]] have been a main driver of [[climate change (general concept)|climate change]] over the millions to billions of years of the [[geologic time scal ...

...|Theory to explain the periodical variation of the sea surface temperature and thermocline depth}} ...Oscillator Model for the El Niño–Southern Oscillation |journal=Journal of Climate |language=EN |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=98–115 |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2001) ...

...ave been used to study, among other, atmospheric gases, aerosols, clouds, and temperature. ...earchlight beams were used to study [[cloud]] altitude using both scanning and pulsed light.<ref>R. Bureau: La Météorologie 3, 292 (1946)</ref> Advanced t ...

{{Weather}} ...for [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric power plants]], crop [[irrigation]], and suitable conditions for many types of [[ecosystem]]s. ...