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...ight reflected by a surface is dependent on the orientation of the surface in relation to the light source and the observer.<ref>{{cite web ...bertian]] surface finishes. Current research aims to make the method work in the presence of projected shadows, highlights, and non-uniform lighting. ...

...re are several possible sources of error in both the beta counting and AMS methods. ...nsiderable confusion and lack of consistency in the names and symbols used in these calculations over the years.<ref>Eriksson Stenström et al., "A guide ...

'''Blue Abyss''' is a research pool planned for construction in [[Cornwall]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Expand ...life science]], and [[submersibles]]. This pool could aid in reducing risk in extreme environments, including space and the sub-aquatic. ...

...=Bernard | last5=Hiley | first5=Anna| title=Kinetics of moisture expansion in fired clay ceramics: a (time)^1/4 law| journal=Physical Review Le ...="WilsonHIC12" /> These issues included potsherds found in [[Waterlogging (archaeology)|waterlogged]] sites, low-firing temperature ceramics, vitrified ceramics a ...

...irst = Rainer}}</ref> ESR dating measures the amount of unpaired electrons in crystalline structures that were previously exposed to natural radiation. T ...=1997RadM...27..975R |doi=10.1016/S1350-4487(97)00219-9}}</ref> fluid flow in [[Accretionary wedge|accretionary prisms]], and [[cold seep]]s.<ref name=": ...

: ''m'' = gradient uphill or downhill (''dh/dx = S'' in Tobler's formula), [[File:Pace, Tobler's hiking function.svg|thumb|220px|[[Pace (running)|Pace]] in [[minute]]s per [[Kilometre|kilometer]] or [[mile]] vs. slope angle for Tob ...

...the atmospheric {{chem|14|C}}/{{chem|12|C}} ratio, which is a key element in calculating radiocarbon ages, has not been constant historically.<ref name= ...on Curve Construction: A New Methodology Using Bayesian Splines and Errors-in-Variables|journal=Radiocarbon|language=en|volume=62|issue=4|pages=821–863|d ...

|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Somalia. ...Buur Heybe one of the best dated and closely studied archaeological sites in Somalia. ...

...and comparing the location of the peaks to a stress-free sample, stresses in the material can be revealed without any destructive interaction.<ref name= ...urity, that greatly increase the fluorescent response. As opposed to other methods of stress measurement, such as [[powder diffraction]] or the use of a [[str ...

...ed and used by anthropologists studying [[human behavioral ecology]] and [[archaeology]].<ref name="Metcalfe" /> === Central place foraging in non-human animals === ...

...ion|Archaeological record of human activity determined by rate of mutation in mitochondrial genome}} ...rder to refine the timeline of human evolution. A major goal of scientists in the field is to develop an accurate hominid mitochondrial [[molecular clock ...

{{Short description|Term in geometry and fractal analysis}} ...iance Example.gif|thumb|right| Figure 1. Basic fractal patterns increasing in '''lacunarity''' from left to right.]] ...

...problem]] with multiple [[deterministic algorithm]] solutions, implemented in most GIS software. ...unications network]]. Although they are similar in principle, the problems in network space require very different (usually simpler) algorithms to solve, ...

{{Short description|Measure of relative carbon-13 concentration in a sample}} ...y P. |last2=Schoeninger |first2=Margaret J. |title=Stable isotope analyses in human nutritional ecology |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropolog ...

...he surface determines the [[emissivity]] and [[reflectance]] for all bands in the [[electromagnetic spectrum]], linking the measurements to physical prop ...The high variability of the ocean surface is also the deterministic factor in the differences between land and ocean remote sensing. ...

...phylogeny]]. Paleoneurobiology is in large part influenced by developments in [[neuroscience]] as a whole; without substantial knowledge about current fu ...naud |first6=Patrick |last7=Brunet |title=Assessing endocranial variations in great apes and humans using 3D data from virtual endocasts |journal=America ...

...isotope [[biogeochemistry]] of Si aims to quantify the different Si fluxes in the global biogeochemical silicon cycle, to understand the role of [[biogen ...e Geochemistry |url=https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2017.82.8 |journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=289–344 |doi=10.2138 ...

...thumb|OSL signal is a function of trapped electrons in quartz or feldspar. In the natural environment, these minerals store [[Elementary charge|electron ...charges are accommodated within [[crystallographic defect]]s or vacancies in their [[crystal lattices]] as the mineral cools below the closure temperatu ...

...ort description|Process of reconstructing the positions of tectonic plates in the geological past}} ...[Earth]]'s [[magnetic field]] or groups of [[Hotspot (geology)|hotspots]], in the geological past. This helps determine the shape and make-up of ancient ...

...ate two or three-dimensional images of volumes using information contained in the [[Coulomb scattering]] of the muons. Since muons are much more deeply p Since its development in the 1950s, muon tomography has taken many forms, the most important of whic ...