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...>This approach is often favoured by (pure) mathematicians and mathematical physicists.</ref> e.g., the notion, due to [[Bernhard Riemann|Riemann]] and others, th ...for a millennium. During the rise of [[medieval universities]], the only [[Medieval university#Characteristics|acknowledged intellectual disciplines]] were the ...

...mbridge University Press)</ref><ref>Nader El-Bizri, "Ibn al-Haytham," in ''Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia'', eds. Thomas F. Glick, ...mbursky (ed. 1974) ''Physical Thought from the Presocratics to the Quantum Physicists'' {{ISBN|0-87663-712-8}}</ref> ...

...atically express the relationship between [[force]] and [[momentum]]. Some physicists interpret [[Newton's second law|Newton's second law of motion]] as a defini ...s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Chris |title=Geometric algebra for physicists |last2=Lasenby |first2=Anthony N. |date=2003 |publisher=Cambridge universit ...

..., without knowing how they can be defined; this is what mathematicians and physicists did during several centuries before the first formal definitions were provi ...irst = Galina |year = 1987 |title = The Theory of Quadratic Irrationals in Medieval Oriental Mathematics |journal = [[New York Academy of Sciences|Annals of th ...

...ardt]] have presented evidence that a Penrose tiling underlies examples of medieval [[Islamic geometric patterns]], such as the [[girih]] (strapwork) tilings a ...Steinhardt|year = 2007|title = Decagonal and Quasi-crystalline Tilings in Medieval Islamic Architecture|journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]|volume = 315|p ...

...e]] within it,<ref name="HoSM">{{cite web |title=Science and technology in Medieval Islam |url=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/scienceislam_education/docs/Science_and_ ...dianapolis, 1973, p. 204' Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach, Editors, ''Medieval Islamic Civilization'' Vol. 1, A–K, Index, 2006, p. 304.</ref> ...

*'''[[Mikhail Tikhomirov]]''', leading specialist in medieval Russian [[paleography]], published the ''[[Complete Collection of Russian C *'''[[Dmitry Gerasimov]]''', medieval translator, diplomat and philologist, correspondent of European [[Renaissan ...

...rk became a source of inspiration for the Cambridge school of mathematical physicists, which included Thomson himself, George Gabriel Stokes, and James Clerk Max ...phetically, that Cayley was "forging the weapons for future generations of physicists."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kline |first=Morris |title=Mathematical Thought fro ...

...pright=.85|''Woman teaching geometry''. Illustration at the beginning of a medieval translation of [[Euclid's Elements]], ({{Circa|1310}}).]] In the [[Middle Ages]], [[mathematics in medieval Islam]] contributed to the development of geometry, especially [[algebraic ...

...late 1970s were a period of growing public interest in black holes and the physicists who were studying them. Hawking was regularly interviewed for print and tel ...rgravity]] as the leading theory to solve many of the outstanding problems physicists were studying.{{sfn|Ferguson|2011|pp=93–94}} His promotion coincided with a ...

During the early [[medieval era]], [[Roman numerals]] were used in Europe to represent numbers,<ref> ...oth assigned a value of 16&nbsp;[[atomic mass units]] (amu) to oxygen, but physicists defined oxygen in terms of the ¹⁶O isotope whereas chemists assi ...

...aly in 1149.<ref>Edward D."Banking During the Middle Ages" Encyclopedia of Medieval World, vol.1.</ref><ref>Giuseppe Felloni and Guido Laura, "Genoa and the hi ...ccounting]]):<ref name="auto"/> developed in the mercantile city-states of medieval Italy and first documented by Lucas de Burgo in [[Venice]]. Perfected by Am ...

...irst2=Paul J. |year=2007 |title=Decagonal and Quasi-crystalline Tilings in Medieval Islamic Architecture |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=315 |pa ...