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[[Sumer]]ian astronomers studied angle measure, using a division of circles into 360 degrees.<ref>{{ ...gonometric calculations in astronomy throughout the next 1200 years in the medieval [[Byzantine]], [[Islamic Golden Age|Islamic]], and, later, Western European ...

...998 |title=Gnomons at Meroë and Early Trigonometry |journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology |volume=84 |pages=171–180 |doi=10.2307/3822211 |jstor=3822211}} ...pright=.85|''Woman teaching geometry''. Illustration at the beginning of a medieval translation of [[Euclid's Elements]], ({{Circa|1310}}).]] ...

...e]] within it,<ref name="HoSM">{{cite web |title=Science and technology in Medieval Islam |url=http://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/scienceislam_education/docs/Science_and_ ...dianapolis, 1973, p. 204' Meri, Josef W. and Jere L. Bacharach, Editors, ''Medieval Islamic Civilization'' Vol. 1, A–K, Index, 2006, p. 304.</ref> ...

...coordinate system for identifying locations were hinted by ancient Chinese astronomers that divided the sky into various sectors or lunar lodges.<ref name="Selin ...ns of π|Pi calculated as <math>\tfrac{355}{113}</math>]]''': The ancient [[Egyptian mathematics|Egyptians]], [[Babylonian mathematics|Babylonians]], [[Indian m ...