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{{Short description|Concept of logic or linguistics}} ...''' if it lacks a [[denotation]] but can nonetheless affect the denotation of a larger expression which contains it. Syncategorematic expressions are con ...

{{Short description|Phenomenon in natural language}} ...ect-confuse|paradox of free choice|The Paradox of Choice{{!}}''The Paradox of Choice''}} ...

...y |date=1999 |publisher=Addison-Wesley |isbn=978-0-201-34712-8 |pages=505 |language=en}}</ref> A [[regular polygon|regular]] megagon has an interior angle of 179°59'58.704" or ...

...u/entries/common-knowledge/ Common Knowledge]. ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy''. Accessed 18 November 2011.</ref> [[Common knowledge (logic)|Common know ...ale.com/dissertation/1996.RussellDale.TheTheoryOfMeaning.pdf The Theory of Meaning]'' (1996).</ref> ...

...'M'' inside ''N''. For example, every [[reduct]] or definitional expansion of a structure ''N'' has an interpretation in ''N''. ...table theory|stable]] and ''M'' is interpretable in ''N'', then the theory of ''M'' is also stable. ...

...1=Zalta |editor-first1=Edward N.|encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|title=Counterfactuals|year=2019 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fa This inference has been argued to be [[validity (logic)|valid]] on the basis of sentence pairs such as that below, since Sentence 1 seems to imply Sentence ...

...u080 |url=https://academic.oup.com/pq/article-abstract/65/259/241/1578120 |language=en |issn=0031-8094}}</ref> According to [[Eli Hirsch]], it is an outgrowth of ''[[J. O. Urmson|Urmson]]'s dictum'': ...

...tle= Generalized Quantifiers and Natural Language |journal=Linguistics and Philosophy |volume=4 |issue=2|pages=159–219 |doi=10.1007/BF00350139 }}</ref> ...ing the truth of the [[determiner phrase]] as a whole. For instance, truth of the first sentence above does not depend on which biting non-aardvarks exis ...

== Substitution of variables == == Substitution property of equality == ...

...argument's conclusion. Valid arguments must be clearly expressed by means of sentences called [[well-formed formula|well-formed formulas]] (also called The '''validity''' of an argument can be tested, proved or disproved, and depends on its [[logica ...

{{Short description|Framework in logic and natural language semantics}} ...st=Zalta |editor-first= Edward |encyclopedia= The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |title=Dynamic Semantics |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/e ...

{{Short description|Concept in the science of signs}} ...ology''') is a concept in the field of [[semiotics]], which is the science of signs. ...

...itor-last2=Dekker |editor-first2=Paul |encyclopedia=The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics |title=Modification|year=2016 |pages=442–464 |publisher=Ca ...odifier|intersective]] and non-intersectivity is sometimes treated as part of its definition.<ref name="m" /> ...

...]].<ref>[[Willard Van Orman Quine|Quine, Willard Van Orman]], ''Philosophy of Logic''.</ref> ...://www.iep.utm.edu/logcon/ Logical Consequence]'' Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</ref> ...

{{Distinguish|text=[[Principia Mathematica]]—a book of Russell and Whitehead published in 1910–1913}} | name = The Principles of Mathematics ...

| education = {{ubl|[[Durham University]] (BA)|[[University of Florida]] (MA)|[[Georgetown University]] (Ph.D)}} | thesis_title = The Structure of Time ...

...ning]] of [[questions|questions and answers]]. Questions are a major area of research in the [[syntax-semantics interface]].{{sfn|Dayal|2017|p=1}} * Play as important of a role in semantics as they do in syntax. ...

...n Intellectual Biography|last=Brobjer|first=Thomas H.|publisher=University Of Illinois Press|year=2008|isbn=9780252032455|pages=149}}</ref> ...88|location=Münchenpages=12}}</ref> Mainländer aims to free the philosophy of Schopenhauer from its metaphysical tendencies.<ref name=Mainlander/>{{rp|60 ...

{{Short description|Extension of modal logic}} ...logic''' is an extension of [[modal logic]] capable of encoding properties of [[computer program]]s. ...

...on.edu/collections/princeton-science-library |website=press.princeton.edu |language=en}}</ref> * ''[[Flatland]]: A Romance of Many Dimensions'' by [[Edwin Abbott Abbott]] (1884) ...