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...es''' are a particular functional form of [[utility]] that is used in many macroeconomic models and [[dynamic stochastic general equilibrium]] models. Having origin ...e=Understanding the aggregate effects of anticipated and unanticipated tax policy shocks ...

...cy change, upon the intended target of the policy. For example, a [[fiscal policy]] maker may have a prediction as to the value of the [[fiscal multiplier]]— ...er quadratic [[loss function|loss]]: optimal policy is not equivalent to a policy of [[expected value of including uncertainty|ignoring uncertainty]]. ...

...antageous. Similarly, inflationist economists advocate for an inflationist policy. ...ury United States, the [[Free Silver]] movement advocated the inflationary policy of free coinage of silver. This was a contentious political issue in the 40 ...

...ereby further increases output. These two effects balance in many standard macroeconomic models, i.e. if the price level remains on target, both actual and potentia ...Policy; Science or Art?"] Paper presented at the ECB colloquium ''Monetary Policy: A Journey from Theory to Practice'' in March 2006. ...

...'''I'''nvestment–'''S'''avings '''/''' '''M'''onetary–'''P'''olicy) is a [[macroeconomic]] tool which displays [[Long run and short run|short-run]] fluctuations in IS-MP is an upgraded version that better reflects the impact of monetary policy and the central bank's role in managing the economy. ...

...t common way to model [[nominal rigidity]] in [[new Keynesian]] [[DSGE]] [[macroeconomic models]]. ...di |last3=Gertler |first3=Mark |year=2000 |title=Monetary Policy Rules and Macroeconomic Stability: Evidence and Some Theory |journal=[[The Quarterly Journal of Eco ...

...as himself, after calculating this cost back in 1987, reoriented his own [[macroeconomic]] research program away from the study of short run fluctuations.{{Citation ...Lucas |first=Robert E. Jr. |author-link=Robert Lucas, Jr.|year=2003 |title=Macroeconomic Priorities |journal=[[American Economic Review]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |pages ...

...an only give rise to transitory deviations of output from equilibrium. The policy-ineffectiveness proposition relied on flexible wages and prices. With the ...tary Economics'', 54, 2439–2466</ref><ref>Kara, E (2010). Optimal Monetary Policy in the Generalised Taylor Economy", ''Journal of Economic Dynamics and Cont ...

...ions]] cannot be systematically surprised by [[monetary policy]], monetary policy cannot be used to systematically influence the economy. ...tory of stable price levels exhibit larger effects in response to monetary policy than countries where prices have been volatile.<ref name="SnowdonVane453" / ...

...ournal |last=Friedman |first=Milton |year=1968 |title=The Role of Monetary Policy |journal=[[American Economic Review]] |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |jsto ...|doi=10.3386/w27193 |last2=Summers |first2=Lawrence H.}}</ref> [[Monetary policy]] conducted under the assumption of a NAIRU typically involves allowing jus ...

...happening some of them are for road construction. There are also loans for policy development, which result in the improvement of the country's credit rating ...that includes an autonomous water and electricity regulator and a separate policy-making agency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ ...

{{Short description|Family of macroeconomic models}} ...els''' (SFC) are a family of [[Non-equilibrium economics|non-equilibrium]] macroeconomic models based on a rigorous accounting framework, that seeks to guarantee a ...

.../blog/economic-policy/united-states-sector-balances-over-five-decades/ New Policy Institute-United States Sectoral Balances over Five Decades-July 29, 2011]< ...pproach is used by scholars at the [[Levy Economics Institute]] to support macroeconomic modelling and by [[Modern Monetary Theory|Modern Monetary Theorists]] to il ...

..."Exchange Rates and Financial Fragility"], In New Challenges for Monetary Policy. Proceedings of a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas ...over time. Eichengreen, ''et al.'' concluded that weaknesses of national [[macroeconomic policies]] and institutions are not statistically related to original sin a ...

...yek]] argued in favor of the stabilization of nominal income as a monetary policy norm as early as 1931 and as late as 1975.<ref>{{cite book|first=Friedrich| ...without adjusting for price level changes ([[inflation]]/[[deflation]]). Policy is loosened or tightened as needed to hit the target.<ref>[http://www.econo ...

...ook |editor-first=Richard S. |editor-last=Thorn |title=Monetary Theory and Policy |publisher=Random House |year=1966 |pages=172–191 }}</ref> ...|editor-last=Williams |editor2-first=J. D. |editor2-last=Huffnagle |title=Macroeconomic Theory |url=https://archive.org/details/macroeconomicthe00will |url-access= ...

...n connection with only a few behavioral assumptions, to give very specific policy recommendations in order to limit national debt. ...politics thereby is the compulsory Balances Mechanics relationship, that a policy aiming at reducing budget deficits ([[funding consolidation]]) can only be ...

...ercentage of increase in sales that is consistent with a defined financial policy (target debt to equity ratio, target [[dividend payout ratio]], target [[pr ...ompany can reasonably achieve, consistent with its established [[financial policy]]. ...

The '''monetary/fiscal policy debate''',<ref name=mc>McCallum (1985)</ref> otherwise known as the '''Ando ...be left to the [[Federal Reserve]]; [[Discretionary policy|activist fiscal policy]] should be avoided."<ref name="Fuller & Geide-Stevenson 2003">{{cite journ ...

...the CPI. It is also used to set and monitor the implementation of economic policy. The Bank of Canada, for example, uses the CPI, and special aggregates of t ...ublished in 1902, and was one of the more economic indicators available to policy makers until it was replaced by most developed countries by the Consumer Pr ...