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...phase diagram.svg|thumb|right|A [[phase diagram]] for two [[isotope]]s of helium, showing at bottom a range of temperatures and ratios at which they will ph ...s, such as oil and water. This type of phase separation is known as liquid-liquid equilibrium. [[Colloid]]s are formed by phase separation, though not all ph ...

...|date=1999-06-18|title=Quantum Computing with Electrons Floating on Liquid Helium|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.284.5422.1967|journal=Scien ...on-helium_qubits.jpg|thumb|400x400px|Schematic illustration of electron-on-helium qubits. The Rydberg (left), spin (centre) and orbital (right) degrees of fr ...

...It compares matter and antimatter using [[antihydrogen]] and antiprotonic helium and looks into matter-antimatter collisions.<ref>{{cite web|title=ASACUSA – ...2022-03-16 |website=CERN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pionic helium |url=https://www.mpq.mpg.de/4937857/pionichelium |access-date=2022-03-16 |w ...

...ics]], the '''Tait equation''' is an [[equation of state]], used to relate liquid [[density]] to hydrostatic [[pressure]]. The equation was originally publi ...8.10666 |bibcode=2021PhFl...33k7112A |s2cid=237278734 }}</ref> The case of liquid argon between the triple point temperature and 148 K is dealt with in detai ...

The gas-liquid critical point is not multicritical, because the phase transition at ...own experimental realization is found in the mixture of [[Helium-3]] and [[Helium-4]]. ...

...substance to change its [[State of matter|state]] from a [[solid]] to a [[liquid]], at [[Isobaric process|constant pressure]]. ...The '''heat of solidification''' (when a substance [[Freezing|changes from liquid to solid]]) is equal and opposite. ...

...cing the difference in vibrational [[density of states]] between solid and liquid.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Hu | first1=Han | last2=Sun | first2=Ying|autho === Liquid helium interfaces === ...

...neutrons]] (UCN), which works by scattering cold neutrons in [[superfluid helium]]. ...cold neutrons is downscattered inside superfluid helium; the use of liquid helium instead of vacuum will allow the applied electric field to be increased; im ...

...always allows for stability). [[Hydrogen-1]] (''N''/''Z'' ratio = 0) and [[helium-3]] (''N''/''Z'' ratio = 0.5) are the only stable isotopes with neutron–pro From the liquid drop model, this bonding energy is approximated by empirical [[Bethe–Weizsä ...

* ''A continuum theory of the isothermal flow of liquid helium II'' (1961) * ''On the hydrodynamic equations for flow of liquid helium II with mutual friction'' (1963) ...

.../math> condensation happens. Adsorbate in the adsorbed phase is largely in liquid state, based on which different adsorption and thermodynamic theories as we ...sorb and any weight change (ΔW) is due to buoyancy. Knowing the density of helium (<math>\rho_{He}</math>), one can determine the difference in volume (ΔV) b ...

...assium. [[Gas cooled reactor]]s operate with coolants like carbon dioxide, helium or nitrogen but some very low powered [[research reactor]]s have even been ...pared to <math>\thicksim3\cdot10^4 W/m^2\cdot K</math> at PWR. The film of liquid is continuously fed with drops from the agent [[Suspension (chemistry)|susp ...

...iev|first2=K. G.|title=Resolving the puzzle of sound propagation in liquid helium at low temperatures|journal=Low Temperature Physics|volume=45|issue=12|year * [[Superfluid helium-4#Gaussian cluster approach|Superfluid Helium-4]] ...

|align=left| [[Ammonia]] || liquid || '''4.700''' || '''80.08''' || || 3.263 || 3.21 ''R'' |align=left| [[Ethanol]] || liquid || 2.44 || 112 || || 1.925 || ...

...ces. This makes HIDRA one of only a very few fusion devices willing to run liquid lithium as a [[plasma-facing material]] (PFM). Others include [[NSTX]], [[L ...:HIDRA-Mag-He-Plasma-01.png|thumb|left|First plasma in HIDRA. This is with helium as the gas (photo: Daniel Andruczyk).]] ...

...e highly reactive species that act on the material to be treated (gaseous, liquid, solid). The electron energy is sufficient to split covalent bonds in organ ...gy, for example in the plasma analysis of [[ammonium]] from waste water or liquid fermentation residue, which produces [[hydrogen]] and [[nitrogen]]. The hyd ...

...2016).</ref> Macroscopic quantum phenomena can be observed in [[superfluid helium]] and in [[superconductors]],<ref>D.R. Tilley and J. Tilley, ''Superfluidit ...| Fig.&nbsp;2 Lower part: vertical cross section of a column of superfluid helium rotating around a vertical axis. Upper part: Top view of the surface showin ...

...f [[Ernest Marsden]], that involved the deflection of [[alpha particle]]s (helium nuclei) directed at a thin sheet of metal foil. He reasoned that if J. J. T ...hough on a far smaller scale, than to the fanciful nucleus image. Both the helium atom and its nucleus are [[spherical symmetry|spherically symmetric]].]] ...

...a small gas bubble is acoustically suspended and periodically driven in a liquid solution at ultrasonic frequencies, resulting in bubble collapse, [[cavitat ...rocess. Several theories say that the location of light emission is in the liquid instead of inside the bubble. Other SBSL theories explain that the emission ...

...| last1 = Kapiza | first1 = P | year = 1938 | title = Viscosity of Liquid Helium below the λ-Point| doi = 10.1038/141074a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 141 ...8 }}</ref> Pulse methods led to overheating, preventing condensate states. Helium cooling allows mili-kelvin setups and continuous wave optics improves on pu ...