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...s''', named for [[Hermann Heinrich Gossen]] (1810–1858), are three laws of economics: * '''Gossen's First Law''' is the [[Law of diminishing marginal utility|"law" of diminishing marginal utility]]: that [[marginal utility|marginal utilit ...

...ports to answer "the decades-old question of 'how valuable is a network'", and states in summary that "The value of a network equals the net value added t ==Law== ...

...f the [[marginal utility]] of each [[Good (economics)|good]] or [[Service (economics)|service]] to its price (the marginal expenditure necessary for its acquisi ...'' instead buying more of that other good or service. Assuming that goods and services are continuously divisible, the only way that it is possible that ...

{{Short description|Economic hypothesis about consumption and savings}} ...nard Keynes]]. The hypothesis was subject to further research in the 1960s and 70s, most notably by American economist [[James Tobin]] (1918&ndash;2002).< ...

{{Short description|Concept in financial economics}} ...n taking the expectation.<ref name="Kerry">{{cite book|title=Asset Pricing and Portfolio Choice Theory|author=Kerry E. Back|publisher=Oxford University Pr ...

...ef> Exchange-rate pass-through is also related to the [[law of one price]] and [[purchasing power parity]]. ...$10 and £1 costs $1. Then the British Pound appreciates against the dollar and now £1 costs $1.50. Also suppose that the widgets now cost $12.5 ...

...or [[Ronald Findlay]], is a model in [[Development economics|developmental economics]] that explains the growth of a less developed "[[Global South|South]]" or ...two.<ref>Molana, H. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2234035 "North South Growth and the Terms of Trade"], ''The Economic Journal'', 1989, accessed June 24, 201 ...

...s is available to all participants, in that every player knows the payoffs and strategies available to other players so as to have complete information.<r ...e evaluation (ex ante efficient, interim efficient, or ex post efficient), and by adding an incentive qualifier so that the allocation rule is incentive c ...

There are many types of borrowing limits, and a '''natural borrowing limit''' is one specific type of borrowing limit amo A natural [[debt limit]] and a [[natural borrowing constraint]] are other ways to refer to the natural b ...

...c data.<ref>{{cite book|title= Statistical Size Distributions in Economics and Actuarial Sciences |first1=Christian |last1=Kleiber| first2= Samuel |last2= ...red or discussed by a number of authors.<ref>See the references in Kleiber and Kotz (2003), p. 236.</ref> ...

...a(n) } </math> <br> Where <math>\Gamma(n)</math> is the [[Gamma function]] and <math>\zeta(n)</math> is the [[Riemann zeta function]] | ...lysis of Economic Time Series''). It is a generalization of the [[Planck's law]] of radiation from [[statistical physics]]. ...

'''Inflationism''' is a [[heterodox economics|heterodox]] [[economic policy|economic]], [[fiscal policy|fiscal]], or [[mo ...in [[Keynesian economics]], as well as [[Monetarism|Monetarist economics]] and in the theory of [[debt deflation]]. ...

In [[financial mathematics]] and [[economics]], a '''distortion risk measure''' is a type of [[risk measure]] which is r ...>F_{-X}</math> is the cumulative distribution function for <math>-X</math> and <math>\tilde{g}</math> is the dual distortion function <math>\tilde{g}(u) = ...

...oury model''' of [[affirmative action]] was developed by [[Stephen Coate]] and [[Glenn Loury]] in 1993.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Coate|first=Step Coate and Loury concluded that either equilibrium is possible under certain assumptio ...

...[[production function]] and depends on the amounts of [[physical capital]] and labor already in use. ...tial L}.</math><ref name="Perloff173">Perloff, J., ''Microeconomics Theory and Applications with Calculus'', Pearson 2008. p. 173.</ref> ...

...mathematical framework, but nowadays is mostly used in its [[Discrete time and continuous time|discrete time]] version. The Calvo model is the most commo ...e expected duration is 4 periods. Since the Calvo probability is constant and does not depend on how long it has been since the price was set, the probab ...

...nd, also known as [[shortage]], is a phenomenon where the demand for goods and services exceeds that which the firms can produce. ...demanded over quantity supplied&mdash;in terms of the product's [[price]] and possibly other determinants.{{sfn|Debreu|1974}} It is the product's [[deman ...

...arise in a variety of settings in [[economics]], including [[game theory]] and the [[Rubin causal model]]. Unlike approaches that deliver point-identifica ...and promoted by [[Charles Manski]], beginning with {{harvtxt|Manski|1989}} and {{harvtxt|Manski|1990}}. ...

...icle, drawing from sources in social geography, economics and the like. In economics for instance, the literature on the [[gravity model of trade]] has progress ...ritan |author4=Albert-László Barabási|title=A universal model for mobility and migration patterns|journal=Nature|year=2012|volume=484|issue=7392 |series=7 ...

...3=Hainmueller |first3=Jens |date=February 2015 |title=Comparative Politics and the Synthetic Control Method |journal=American Journal of Political Science ...sue=3|pages=413–434|doi=10.1007/s10940-014-9226-5|s2cid=254702864 }}</ref> and others. ...