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* [[Islamic art]] * [[List of Iranian philosophers]] ...

...at is why it is sourced more predominantly here-->| era = [[Islamic Golden Age]] ...]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=John|last=Cooper|author-link=John Cooper (Islamic studies scholar)|year=1998|title=al-Tusi, Khwajah Nasir (1201-74)|encyclope ...

...ents have been categorised as ontological, including those made by Islamic philosophers [[Mulla Sadra]] and [[Allama Tabatabai]]. ...Thus, a "supremely perfect" being can be conceived not to exist. Finally, philosophers such as [[C. D. Broad]] dismissed the coherence of a maximally great being, ...

The '''Islamic Golden Age''' was a period of scientific, economic, and cultural flourishin ...1258)|Siege of Baghdad]] in 1258.<ref name="Tahir Abbas">{{cite book|title=Islamic Radicalism and Multicultural Politics |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id ...

...Education'' '''40''' (2), p.&nbsp;141.</ref><ref>Seyyed [[Hossein Nasr]], "Islamic Conception Of Intellectual Life", in Philip P. Wiener (ed.), ''Dictionary o ...i (2006), "Ibn al-Haytham or Alhazen", in Josef W. Meri (2006), ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopaedia'', Vol. II, pp.&nbsp;343–345, [[Routledge]], ...

In many cases, natural philosophers and other scientists who have made extensive use of mathematics have made l ...tic symbols and religious motifs, and has a particularly rich history in [[Islamic architecture]]. It also provides a means of meditation and comtemplation, ...

...''[[abductive reasoning|abductive arguments]]''.{{sfn |Douven |2021}} Some philosophers, like [[Leo Groarke]], also allow ''conductive arguments''{{efn|Conductive ...icenna]], who replaced Aristotelian logic in [[Logic in Islamic philosophy|Islamic discourse]].{{sfn |Lagerlund |2018}} Bottom row: [[William of Ockham]], a m ...

{{See also|Islamic science|Inventions in medieval Islam|Timeline of Islamic science and technology|Academy of Gundishapur}} Iranian philosophers and inventors may have created the first batteries (sometimes known as the ...

...h carpet|Turkish]] and other [[carpet]]-making, as well as [[kilim]]. In [[Islamic art]], symmetries are evident in forms as varied as Persian [[girih]] and M ...ow to depict three-dimensional scenes on a two-dimensional canvas. Second, philosophers and artists alike were convinced that mathematics was the true essence of t ...

...some precursors of the concept can perhaps be seen in the work of medieval philosophers and mathematicians such as [[Oresme]]. .... Sharaf al-Din's analysis of this equation was a notable development in [[Islamic mathematics]], but his work was not pursued any further at that time, neith ...

...es." Revolutionizing a World: From Small States to Universalism in the Pre-Islamic Near East |publisher=University College London Press |date=2018 |page=177 | ...ërtius|contribution=Life of Thales|title=The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers |at=I, 27 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lives_of_the_Eminent_Philosop ...

...polygon]]s and [[platonic solid]]s held deep significance for many ancient philosophers<ref name="Alexey2009">{{cite book|author=Stakhov Alexey|title=Mathematics O ...)|Tilings]], or tessellations, have been used in art throughout history. [[Islamic art]] makes frequent use of tessellations, as did the art of [[M. C. Escher ...

* 1649–1660 – The semi-formal [[Oxford Philosophical Club]] of natural philosophers meets; it is a predecessor of the [[Royal Society]] of London. ** [[Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies]] established. ...

...onward. Previous ''higher educational institutions'' existed during the [[Islamic Golden Age]] (the first one being the [[University of al-Qarawiyyin|Univers ...[[Inquisition]], where he skillfully tried to defend himself stating that philosophers in their course of thoughts, according to "the natural light of intellect", ...