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...dditional degree of freedom of the demon does not alter a system with many particles significantly on a macroscopic level. ...particles). Computer simulations of the full equations of motion for every individual particle to simulate microscopic properties is computationally very expensi ...

...itonTheorem.svg|thumb|[[Scattering]] of ''n'' incoming and ''m'' outcoming particles with an outgoing [[graviton]] added to one outcoming leg.]] ...outcome of [[Collisions#Physics|collisions]] between [[Subatomic particle|particles]], when low-energy (soft) [[gravitons]] come into play. ...

{{Short description|Technique to count and size particles}} ...d by [[Wallace H. Coulter]] in 1953,<ref>W.H. Coulter, "Means for Counting Particles Suspended in a Fluid", United States Patent 2,656,508</ref> the RPS techniq ...

...]], in terms of multiple interactions between the probing particle and the individual constituents of the target. It is widely used<ref> |title=Scattering Theory of Waves and Particles (McGraw-Hill, 1982) ...

...ers are a combination of all of these processes but are dependent upon the individual river and its type of bedrock. ...f the particles will come into contact with the bed. The process can erode individual grains, or flakes from the rocks surface.<ref name=":2" /> The most common ...

...o composite anyons about each other, there are <math> N^2 </math> pairs of individual anyons (one in the first composite anyon, one in the second composite anyon ...in the system (as well as the trivial label <math>c = 1</math> denoting no particles), and each <math> N^c_{ab} </math> is a nonnegative [[integer]] which deno ...

...lex systems without needing to know the exact position of their individual particles. {{Quotation|text=We can’t predict how any individual molecule will move and shake; but by accepting that randomness and describi ...

...ed [[particle]] with index <math>i</math> contained within a collection of particles is given as: ...e simulation of particulate systems. To determine the net forces acting on particles, the [[Ewald summation|Ewald]] or Lekner summation methods are generally em ...

...journal|title = Novel Type of Phase Transition in a System of Self-Driven Particles|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 1995-08-07|pages = 1226–1229|volum ...presence of noise. Such a model shows collective motion at high density of particles or low noise on the alignment. ...

...o far fit into the standard picture, in which they are colorless composite particles built from quarks and [[antiquarks]]. The characteristic energies associate ...adrons can be considered weakly coupled, and scattering occurs between the individual components of rapidly moving hadrons - [[partons]]. This behavior is called ...

...quasi]]-[[elastic scattering]] of [[electromagnetic radiation]] by charged particles in a small-scale medium with frequent particle collisions. Collisional scat ...before the electric field reverses direction, making collisions with other particles unlikely during a given oscillation. ...

...eam are plotted on a [[phase space]] diagram, an [[ellipse]] enclosing the particles can be given by the equation: ...it is often desirable to describe the overall properties of an ensemble of particles, rather than track the motion of each particle individually. {{r|"Wiedemann ...

...le is close to that of the surrounding medium. The approximation holds for particles of arbitrary shape that are relatively small but can be larger than [[Rayle ...h>\delta</math> denotes the [[Phase (waves)|phase]] difference due to each individual element,<ref name="kerker"/> and the fraction in parentheses is the electri ...

...ndensate]]s weakly linked by an [[activation energy|energy barrier]] which particles can [[Quantum tunneling|tunnel through]], nevertheless end up with a higher ...icle tunnels in the opposite direction. Because the identity of individual particles is lost in that case, no tunneling can be observed, and the system is consi ...

...agnets, typically used to control [[Charged particle beam|beams of charged particles]]. Each type of magnet serves a particular purpose. * [[Dipole magnet]]s are used to bend the trajectory of particles ...

...name="Rugar">{{cite journal|title=Magnetic Dissipation and Fluctuations in Individual Nanomagnets Measured by Ultrasensitive Cantilever Magnetometry|last=Rugar|f ...example equation 2 in the paper "Magnetic Dissipation and Fluctuations in Individual Nanomagnets Measured ...

...beam may, however, cause particular changes in the dynamics of individual particles such as tune shifts and coupling. Whole beam changes include emittance gro ...

...ort description|Diameter of individual grains of sediment, or of lithified particles in clastic rocks}} ...rystal]]s. Granular material can range from very small [[colloid|colloidal particles]], through [[clay]], [[silt]], [[sand]], [[gravel]], and [[cobble (geology) ...

...and density of dark matter there is no point talking about the individual particles' positions and momenta. ...\ cm^{-3} </math>. One can calculate the average separation between these particles by deducing the de-Broglie wavelength: ...

...from a coupling between the fluid flow and the rotation of the individual particles.<ref name="dG1984">{{cite book |last1=De Groot |first1=S.&nbsp;R.|last2=Maz ...ing [[rotational viscosity]] coefficient.<ref name="dG1984"/> If the fluid particles have negligible angular momentum or if their angular momentum is not apprec ...