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...ndent upon external trade. On a global scale, it represents the proportion of all world production that is used for imports and exports between countries ...balization is measured as the proportion of that country's total volume of trade to its [[Gross Domestic Product]] (GDP):<ref name="Brady2011"/> ...

...by ISO Committee but it is widely used to encode additional data to Global Trade Item Number such as items quantity or container weight. ==History== ...

...te journal | first = J.L. | last = Yellen | title = Efficiency Wage Models of Unemployment | journal = The American Economic Review | volume = 74 | issue Suppose utility is a function of wages w and effort e like <math> u(w,e)=w-e </math>, and workers maximize t ...

{{Short description|Means of financing American Civil War}} [[Image:Confederate 5 and 100 Dollars.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Front of Confederate notes (back was unprinted)]] ...

...le=Fast filter-and-refine algorithms for subsequence selection |conference=International Database Engineering and Applications Symposium |publisher=IEEE |year=2002 ...ent]], and [[pattern recognition]], which efficiently processes large sets of objects through a two-stage approach: filtering and refinement. ...

...Minard map of the [[French invasion of Russia (1812)|1812 French invasion of Russia]].]] ...k]], while others restrict its use to maps that specifically show movement of some kind. ...

...ed the MP-PIC method to be used as particle-flow solver for the simulation of [[#Applications|industrial-scale chemical processes]] involving particle-fl ==History== ...

...ropellant rockets<ref name="s94">Byron L. Cockrell, ''Ballistic Evaluation of Propellants in Micro-motors'' (1964), Report S-94 (AD451357) ([http://stine ...1935, to Webster and Willa Cockrell of [[Lineville, Alabama]]. He was one of four children and grew up in [[Clay County, Alabama]].<ref name="willa">[ht ...

==History== ...]]. Section 34 of the 1973 Finance Act allowed total tax relief in respect of royalties and other income from licenses patented in Ireland. ...

Classification of [[wheat]] greatly varies by the producing country.{{sfn|Khan|2016|pp=109-11 ...tion caused inconsistencies, so Argentina had introduced three new classes of wheat,{{when|date=January 2025}} with all names using a prefix ''Trigo Dura ...

...n open standard for [[public land mobile radio]] systems; that is, systems of [[two-way radio]]s ([[transceiver]]s) for bidirectional person-to-person vo ==History== ...

...://nautil.us/issue/55/trust/are-algorithms-building-the-new-infrastructure-of-racism |access-date=January 2, 2018 |issue=55}}</ref> ...7-01-23|title=It's not the algorithm, it's the data|journal=Communications of the ACM|language=en|volume=60|issue=2|pages=21–23|doi=10.1145/3022181|s2cid ...

...nverters |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=108–113}}</ref> Each of the ''M'' converters is referred to as sub-ADC, channel or slice in the lit ==History== ...

...output and prices, but maintains the [[neutrality of money]] (the absence of a price or money supply relationship with output and employment) in the lon ...ve with an empirical paper that demonstrated that countries with a history of stable price levels exhibit larger effects in response to monetary policy t ...

{{Short description|Short-term changes in the length of the day}} ...the ecliptic and the eccentricity of Earth's orbit around the Sun|Equation of time}} ...

...quential analysis|sequential design]] strategy for [[global optimization]] of [[Black box|black-box]] functions,<ref name="Mockus1989"/><ref name="garnet ...earning hyperparameters on large datasets |journal=Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics, PMLR |year=2017 |page ...

...o attain any desired division, it may be required to limit the consumption of upstream countries, but this may require to give these countries some monet ...conomic good]], it is often required to share river pollution (or the cost of cleaning it), which is an [[economic bad]]. ...

{{Distinguish|Level of measurement}} {{Redirect|Unit of measure}} ...

...parallel algorithm]] from [[numerical analysis]] and used for the solution of [[initial value problem]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | title = A "parareal" in time discretization of PDE's ...

{{Short description|Technique for setting initial values of trainable parameters in a neural network}} ...e modified during training: weight initialization is the pre-training step of assigning initial values to these parameters. ...