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{{Short description|Model of molecular evolution}} ...lation and for the estimation of [[genetic distance]]s between populations of interest. ...

...ved at other fingers as well, for this kind of research, the fourth finger of the hand has been conventionally selected. ...middle segment of the toes. Hair is most often found on the middle segment of the fourth finger. ...

...ze|journal=Genetics|date=2014|volume=196|issue=1|pages=295–311|doi=10.1534/genetics.113.158584|pmid=24214345|pmc=3872192|arxiv=1310.3444}}</ref> ...themselves summaries of the allele frequency spectrum, including estimates of the population scaled mutation rate, <math> \theta = 2N\mu </math>, such as ...

...tion and can sometimes offer additional information regarding the presence of selection. ...nce of selection). Of course, many alleles of interest are under some type of selection. Because alleles that are under positive selection can rise to hi ...

{{distinguish|text = [[identity by descent]], another concept in population genetics referred to as "IBD"}} ...the loci. The bottom chart measures the genetic distance between all pairs of populations according to the Fst statistic. Populations separated by greate ...

{{short description|Reduction in frequency of deleterious alleles through inbreeding}} '''Genetic purging''' is the increased pressure of natural selection against deleterious [[alleles]] prompted by [[inbreeding ...

...n the generation of intelligible rules. LLM is an efficient implementation of the Switching Neural Network (SNN) paradigm,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Musell LLM has been employed in many different sectors, including the field of [[medicine]] (orthopedic patient classification,<ref>{{cite journal ...

{{Short description|Species of mammal}} ...in the mid-2010s. No surveys have been carried out to quantify the status of the species. ...

...ic algebra|Bernstein's Degrees-of-Freedom problem in motor control|Degrees of Freedom Problem (Motor Control)|its possible generalization in global diffe ...erential geometry]], '''Bernstein's problem''' is as follows: if the graph of a function on '''R'''^{''n''&minus;1} is a [[minimal surface]] in ' ...

...icap principle|good genes]] will become a central feature of the evolution of any sexually selected trait. ...ion should, in general, reflect overall energy acquisition, such that life-history variation reflects differential allocation to survival and sexual signallin ...

...ion in genetics, which quantifies the total additive contribution of a set of genetic variants to a trait. GCTA is typically applied to common single nuc ...t al 2010, or Figure 3 of Ritland & Ritland 1996</ref> GCTA makes a number of modeling assumptions and whether/when these assumptions are satisfied conti ...

{{short description|Type of random process}} ...model the number of people it is likely to remain stable for a long period of time before it eventually collapses. ...

...f the phenotypic space whose structure can contribute to the understanding of disease progression. ==History== ...

...-time Markov process]]es. In particular, they describe how the probability of a continuous-time Markov process in a certain state changes over time. ...e Markov processes, depending on the assumed behavior over small intervals of time: ...

{{Short description|Stratification of a genetic population based on allele frequencies}} ...ture to arise. For example, a barrier like a river can separate two groups of the same species and make it difficult for potential mates to cross; if a [ ...

{{Short description|Transmission of multiple close together genes}} ...ay also represent an interaction estimation probability between any number of loci. ...

{{short description|Process of increasing reproductive isolation}} ...ogy)|hybrids]] upon the [[secondary contact]] of two separated populations of a species.]] ...

...dentification of associated [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]]s (variation of a DNA sequence in a population) underpin GWA studies in complex diseases th ...r human diseases and traits| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences| volume = 106| issue = 23| pages = 9362–7| year = 2009| last1 = Hi ...

{{About|the '''history of the study of speciation'''|a broader description of the biological phenomenon|Speciation}} ...synthesis (20th century)|modern evolutionary synthesis]] in the early part of that century. Since then, research on speciation has expanded immensely. ...

...es | journal=Genetics | volume=176 | issue=3 | pages=1653–61 | doi=10.1534/genetics.107.074666 | pmid=17483403 | pmc=1931521 }}</ref> refer to "mutational bias ...ve [[mutational signatures]] that reflect differences in the contributions of mutational pathways. Mutational signatures have proved useful in both dete ...