Search results

...ng [[quantum contextuality|noncontextual]] [[hidden variable theory|hidden variable models]]. ...e to cyclicity, i.e. 0, 2 or 4. So, with a probability mixture over hidden variable assignments, the [[expectation value]] of the sum of mismatches over all of ...

With respect to certain realist [[Hidden-variable theory|hidden variable theories]] that attempt to explain the predictions of [[quantum mechanics]] ...ich quantum states that are prepared independently have independent hidden variable descriptions. ...

In [[physics]], in the area of [[quantum information theory]] and [[quantum computation]], '''quantum steering''' is a special kind of ...known as the local hidden states model which is an extension of the local variable model for Bell nonlocality and also a restriction for separable states mode ...

An '''information source''' is a sequence of [[random variable]]s ranging over a finite alphabet <math>\Gamma</math>, having a [[stationar ...k of solving for the underlying chain is undertaken by the techniques of [[hidden Markov model]]s, such as the [[Viterbi algorithm]]. ...

...ined based on a switching variable which evolves independent of the hidden variable. The probabilistic model of such variant of SKF is as the following:<ref na ...tch* (or switching) variable <math>S_t</math>. The dynamics of the switch variable are defined by the term <math>\Pr(S_t \mid S_{t-1})</math>. The probability ...

...al|last1=Van Hove|first1=Léon|title=Von Neumann's contributions to quantum theory|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|date=1958|volume=64|issue=3|url=http://proje ...gorous than Dirac.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Kronz |first1=Fred |title=Quantum Theory and Mathematical Rigor |date=2024 |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia o ...

...depends upon <math>\textstyle H=h(X)</math>, which depends upon the random variable <math>\textstyle X</math>. This view is most commonly encountered in the co ...their graph is a [[directed acyclic graph]]. Networks with [[Cycle (graph theory)|cycles]] are commonly called [[Recurrent neural network|recurrent]]. Such ...

...antum contextuality]], as it is a local and non-contextual hidden-variable theory. ...ticular, the model is one of local and noncontextual [[variable (research)|variable]]s, which [[Bell's theorem]] tells us cannot ever reproduce all the predict ...

{{Hidden|titlestyle = background-color: #f2dfce; color:black;|contentstyle = border: {{Hidden|titlestyle=background-color:#f2dfce; color:black;|contentstyle=border:1px # ...

...and quantum mechanics, establishing a [[Theory of everything|comprehensive theory of reality]]. Additionally, this research posits that consciousness is an i ...didn't have predetermined colours? Even if grey, they might have contained hidden labels dictating their observed colour. ...

...systems analysis. Generalized filtering furnishes posterior densities over hidden states (and parameters) generating observed data using a generalized [[grad * ''Hidden states'' <math>X:X \times U \times \Omega \to \mathbb{R}</math> – that cau ...

...how quantum mechanics cannot be explained using a [[local hidden variable theory]]. In this way Mermin's device is a pedagogical tool to introduce the uncon === Hidden variables and classical implementation === ...

It models student knowledge in a [[hidden Markov model]] as a latent variable, updated by observing the correctness of each student's interaction in whic * [[Item response theory]] ...

...stimate the norm of nonlinear terms in [[partial differential equation|PDE theory]], since it allows one to estimate a product of two terms by a sum of the s {{Math proof|drop=hidden|title=Proof<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pearse |first1=Erin |title=Math 209D - Re ...

...Dyson studied this process in the context of [[Random matrix|random matrix theory]]. ...ion/F63EE7DFFF72FE3FD0A1B5B5F42818A2 |work=A First Course in Random Matrix Theory: for Physicists, Engineers and Data Scientists |pages=121–135 |editor-last= ...

...mber of feature neurons. The network still requires a sufficient number of hidden neurons.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Krotov |first1=Dmitry |last2=H ...[[neuron]] <math display="inline">i </math> is defined by a time-dependent variable <math>V_i</math>, which can be chosen to be either discrete or continuous. ...

...= Quantum electrodynamics, foundations of quantum theory, gauge theory | thesis_title = On Contact Transformations and Group Theory in Quantum Mechanical Problems ...

* At some time <math>t</math>, the variable <math>\text{time}</math> will have the binary equivalent of <math>t</math>. ...ase that <math>x</math> will hold different values for different values of variable <math>\text{time}</math>. ...

...''subgaussian distribution''', the distribution of a '''subgaussian random variable''', is a [[probability distribution]] with strong tail decay. More specific Often in analysis, we divide an object (such as a random variable) into two parts, a central bulk and a distant tail, then analyze each separ ...

...</math> is an <math>n \times 1</math> vector of functions of an underlying variable <math>t</math>, <math>\mathbf{\dot{x}}(t)</math> is the vector of first der with ''n''×1 parameter constant vector '''b''' is [[stability theory|stable]] if and only if all [[eigenvalue]]s of the constant matrix '''A''' ...