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*G: [[government spending]], ...we define S as National savings (= savings of private sector + savings of government) and rewrite the identity as following: ...

...efined as that at which production exactly matches the total of government spending intentions, households' consumption intentions and firms' investing intenti ...of the other variables in the model. For example, the level of government spending could be used as the unit of account: ...

...a [[government spending]] change on [[GDP]] to the size of the government spending change—but is not likely to know the exact value of this ratio. Similar unc ...or=1821642 }}</ref> let ''P'' be the size of a policy action (a government spending change, for example), let ''y'' be the value of the target variable (GDP fo ...

...t and consumers. For example, an increase in either consumer or government spending shifts the IS curve rightwards, resulting in an increase in total output fo ...

...ctor) together must have a surplus, and vice versa. In other words, if the government sector is borrowing, the other sectors taken together must be lending. The ...Theory|Modern Monetary Theorists]] to illustrate the relationship between government budget deficits and private saving.<ref name="fiebeger" /><ref name="MMT_Be ...

...rrent spending, tax and other policies in the long run without threatening government solvency or defaulting on some of its liabilities or promised expenditures. ...threatening the government's solvency or without defaulting on some of the government's liabilities or promised expenditures.<ref name="EC2009" /> Many countries ...

The '''selectorate theory''' is a theory of government that studies the interactive relationships between political survival strat ...re on private goods. Loyalty norms between 1 and 0 offer incentives to mix spending on public goods and private goods. The reason for such allocations is that ...

...therners failed to raise substantial revenue. The subsequent issuance of [[government debt]] and substantial printing of the [[Confederate States of America doll ...in [[states' rights]], which precluded giving too much taxing power to the government in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]. Historically the states had invested li ...

...harge most leveled against, [[schools of economic thought]] which advocate government action, either [[fiscal policy]] or [[monetary policy]], to achieve [[full ...yment, is attacked as inflationist, with critics arguing that such deficit spending inevitably leads to [[hyperinflation]]. Neo-Chartalists reject this charge, ...

...not affected by that same economy's real level of income. E.g. government spending, basic living expenses, and private investing. See Friedman/Meiselman (1963 ...ffective it will seem to have a neutral or even negative relationship with spending rather than the positive effect it is theorized to have; and that the resul ...

* ''G'' = level of government productive services ...that accounts for social benefits, such as improved firm efficiencies and government subsidies, was estimated at 29.9%.<ref name="Cain" /> In another study, He ...

...h the budget is donated by the voters themselves, rather than given by the government. Since the donations are voluntary, it is important that the coordination a ...n the latter, the "budget" is fixed in advance (e.g. time, probability, or government funds), and not donated voluntarily by the agents. ...

...co-op felt, on average, that they should save more scrip before they began spending. So they babysat whenever the opportunity arose, but did not spend the scri ...ion is thus either to reduce (desire for) savings or, more likely increase spending by simply issuing more scrip. ...

...ment of Nutrition at the [[Harvard School of Public Health]] in 1942 after spending a year at [[Abbott Laboratories]] as a research chemist. He was named as a ...ietary Guidelines for Americans]] updated twice each decade by the federal government.<ref name=NYTObit/> ...

...lder, more inefficient motors, NEMA says. This program allowed the federal government to spend $350 million in incentives for the widespread adoption of NEMA Pre ...ry that meet them. It is managed by [[the Carbon Trust]], on behalf of the Government, and has two parts: ...

...known commonly as the "Elizabethan Poor Law", was one of the world's first government-sponsored welfare programs. It distinguished between those who were unable ...the registrant count as it referred to the number of people registered at government offices as looking for work. The lowest recorded unemployment rate in this ...

...to 2009, it was difficult to measure Zimbabwe's hyperinflation because the government of Zimbabwe stopped filing official inflation statistics. However, Zimbabw ...ttps://web.archive.org/web/20200312225407/https://www.herald.co.zw/just-in-government-sets-up-currency-currency-stabilisation-task-force/ |archive-date=12 March ...

...e monetary policy. The monetary tightening (higher taxes, lower government spending, a reduction in the money supply to prevent inflation, etc.) leads to a rel ...

In 2022, the [[OECD]] estimated that to achieve SDG 6, current global spending on water needs approximately $1 trillion per year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OE ...8 |website=UNICEF}}</ref>{{rp|79}} This will require cooperation between [[government]]s, [[civil society]] and the [[private sector]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kel ...

...s part of the receiving country's production function just like government spending would do since it is given to the country in order to invest it in the rebu ...