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...P. Zorabedian, Tunable external cavity semiconductor lasers, in ''Tunable Lasers Handbook'', F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (Academic, New York, 1995) Chapter 8.</ref> ....</ref> or optically, as in the case of crystalline lasers and organic dye lasers.<ref name="DLP"/> In the case of optical excitation it is often necessary ...

...llowed by [[plasma oscillation]].<ref name="DeIngenieur"/> As a result the gas will emit [[electron]] bundles which can be used for [[medical imaging]] or [[Category:Research lasers]] ...

==Types of lasers== There are many different types of lasers including gas, solid states lasers, and [[Excimer laser|excimer]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title = Laser Beam ...

...first observed in 1979 by [[Pierre Agostini]] and colleagues in [[xenon]] gas.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bashkansky|first=M.|author2=Bucksbaum, P.|author3= High intensity [[ultrashort pulse]] lasers can create ATI features with 20 or more peaks.<ref name=CormierEtAl>{{cite ...

{{Short description|How semiconductor lasers work}} ...ns]] and [[Electron hole|holes]]. While in other laser materials like in [[gas laser]]s or [[solid state laser]]s, the processes associated with optical g ...

...ronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and received the AIAA Plasmadynamics and Lasers Award in 2022. ...Potapkin |first4=B.V.| date=2002 |title=Physical and Chemical Processes in Gas Dynamics: Cross Sections and Rate Constants for Physical and Chemical Proce ...

...(AlSb), and related alloys. These lasers are similar to [[quantum cascade lasers]] (QCLs) in several ways. Like QCLs, ICLs employ the concept of bandstructu ...itle=Rebalancing of internally generated carriers for mid-infrared cascade lasers with very low power consumption |journal=Nature Communications |volume=2 |p ...

...arch has gone into a variety of types. However, aside from the simple cold gas thruster and steam rocket, none have proceeded past the testing stage. ...impulse is directly proportional to the [[thermal velocity]] of the heated gas: ...

..., metal excimers, metal–rare-gas excimers, metal–halide excimers, and rare-gas–oxide excimers are also known,<ref name=jhdf /> but they are rarely used. ...urces are suitable for spectral-selective irradiation and can even replace lasers in some cases.<ref name=yewfyh /><ref name=fsdqr /><ref name=uyjgf /> ...

...will decrease the modulus of their velocities. By regularly exchanging the lasers propagating directions and varying the detuning <math>\Delta</math>, one ca ...up, such that an important fraction of the atoms are then trapped. If the lasers of the lattice are powerful enough, each site can be modeled as a harmonic ...

...rs-improve-pcb-manufacturing-processes.html |title= Ultraviolet lasers: UV lasers improve PCB manufacturing processes |publisher= [[Laser Focus World]] |date Manufacturers of [[Gas turbine|turbine engine]]s for [[aircraft propulsion]] and for [[power gener ...

...se processes apply to photochemistry, [[optically pumped]] [[Laser pumping|lasers]], [[sensitized solar cells]], [[luminescence]], and [[photochromism]]. ..., [[photochemistry]], [[luminescence]], optically [[laser pumping|pumped]] lasers, and in some [[photochromic]] applications. ...

...uch as a [[laser]], is instrumental to piezospectroscopy. Narrow bandwidth lasers are preferred due to the increased resolution of the resulting spectrum.<re ...ts|date=2013|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9780857096067.2.327|work=Modern Gas Turbine Systems|pages=327–381e|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-84569-728-0|ac ...

...photon [[flux]] is often considered to be more or less constant due to the lasers highly monochromatic light. Similarly the photon absorption cross section c ...gas pressure]] of a vapor cell also creates a requirement for more intense lasers. ...

..., [[Doppler cooling]] is limited by the broad [[natural linewidth]] of the lasers used in cooling. <ref> ...n the shape of the re-pumping light, the atoms in the middle of the atomic gas would not be excited by the re-pumping light which can decrease the repulsi ...

...tom (the S is) the diffuse series will not show up as absorption in a cool gas, however it shows up as emission lines. ...huda B.|title=Light and Matter: Electromagnetism, Optics, Spectroscopy and Lasers|date=14 September 2006|publisher=John Wiley|url=https://books.google.com/bo ...

...or the spatial separation of the electron and the atom or molecule. In the gas phase, this process is called [[Photoelectrochemical processes#Photoionizat {{lasers}} ...

...iverse. In general, when energy is applied to a gas, internal electrons of gas molecules (atoms) are excited and move up to higher energy levels. If the ...ct of pressure and distance, and <math>A</math> and <math>B</math> are the gas constants for calculating Townsend's first ionization coefficient and <math ...

...abundance of doubly-substituted methane isotopologues (13CH3D) in natural gas systems|journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta|volume=72|issue=22|pages=54 ...ast9=Schwieters|first9=Johannes|date=February 2013|title=A high-resolution gas-source isotope ratio mass spectrometer|journal=International Journal of Mas ...

...articles relative to atoms lead to higher BEC temperatures. An ideal Bose gas has a phase transitions when inter-particle spacing approaches the thermal The Bose gas can be considered in a harmonic trap, <math>V(r) = M \omega^2 /2</math>, wi ...