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...ng from a laser interacting with a hydrogen atom. The ''x'' axis marks the electron kinetic energies <math>E_k</math> in [[electronvolt|eV]], whilst the ''y'' ...130|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.1127|bibcode=1979PhRvL..42.1127A|doi-access=free}} The original article on the discovery ...

...electron in the conduction band or a hole in the valence band, where it is free to move. In interband absorption, the carrier starts in a fixed, nonconduct In the simplest approximation, the [[Drude model]], free carrier absorption is proportional to the square of the wavelength. ...

...8 |issue=2 |pages=650 |doi=10.1063/1.323648 |issn=0021-8979}}</ref> Pr:YLF lasers can emit in many different [[wavelength]]s in the visible spectrum of [[lig ...722 |pmid=25607141 |bibcode=2014OExpr..2231722C |issn=1094-4087|doi-access=free }}</ref> ...

[[File:Lasers.jpeg|thumb|300px|Semiconductor lasers (520nm, 445nm, 635nm)]] [[File:Laser module.jpg|thumb|300px|Semiconductor lasers (660nm, 532nm, 405nm)]] ...

...of [[Atomic electron transition|electron transitions]] within the 4''f'' [[electron shell|shell]] of [[Rare-earth element|rare-earth]] ions in solids and solut ...which are crucial for the development of various photonic devices such as lasers and optical amplifiers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=One-photon rare earth optical ...

...(AlSb), and related alloys. These lasers are similar to [[quantum cascade lasers]] (QCLs) in several ways. Like QCLs, ICLs employ the concept of bandstructu ...0.1038/ncomms1595 |bibcode = 2011NatCo...2..585V |pmid=22158440|doi-access=free }}</ref> ...

...ompetition for beam time, as well as the universal minimum electron [[mean free path]] in the material around the operating photon energy (20–100 eV) which ...the method can easily be extended to access excited electronic states and electron dynamics by introducing a pump-probe scheme, see also [[Two-Photon Photoele ...

...]s; nuclear reactor physics; electrical propulsion for space; low-energy [[electron scattering]] in gases; [[nonlinear optics]]; and investigation of the feasi Baldwin's research with low-energy [[electron scattering]] on noble gases extended the scattering cross-section data to v ...

{{Short description|How semiconductor lasers work}} ...ciated with light emission created by recombination of [[electrons]] and [[Electron hole|holes]]. While in other laser materials like in [[gas laser]]s or [[so ...

...se processes apply to photochemistry, [[optically pumped]] [[Laser pumping|lasers]], [[sensitized solar cells]], [[luminescence]], and [[photochromism]]. ==Electron excitation== ...

...ted by [[coherence (physics)|coherent]] classical light sources, such as [[lasers]]. They are based on a full [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]], and form ...(quantum mechanics)|Hamiltonian]] that fully includes the [[Free particle|free-particles]], [[Coulomb interaction]], dipole interaction between classical ...

...uarte |contribution=Chapter 2. Dispersive dye lasers |title=High Power Dye Lasers |editor-first=F. J. |editor-last=Duarte |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |loc ...st5=P. G. |last5=Varmette |title={{mvar|N}}-slit interferometer for secure free-space optical communications: 527&nbsp;m intra interferometric path length ...

...esult, the luminescence becomes directly generated by a '''photon-assisted electron–hole recombination''', ...acancy. Here, <math>\hat{P}_\mathbf{k}</math> determines the corresponding electron–hole recombination operator defining also the microscopic polarization with ...

...he diffuse series was important in the development of the understanding of electron shells and subshells in atoms. The diffuse series has given the letter ''d Since the Electron in the D subshell state is not the lowest energy level for the alkali atom ...

...i = 10.1103/PhysRev.99.1264 | bibcode = 1955PhRv...99.1264G | doi-access = free }}</ref> theoretically the linewidth of their device by making the reasonab ...= 10.1103/PhysRev.112.1940 | bibcode = 1958PhRv..112.1940S | doi-access = free }}</ref> transferred the maser linewidth to the optical regime by replacing ...

...d {{math|CdS}} caused by Frenkel Poole excitation of holes, causing faster electron recombination, known as field quenching.<ref name="BoerDussel1967">Karl W. ...on of holes from Coulomb attractive hole traps, that consequently enhances electron recombination through recombination centers, and thereby deforms the {{math ...

...ar corrections to the fields and calculated the rate of [[Schwinger effect|electron–positron pair production]] in a strong electric field.<ref name="Schwinger" where ''m''_e is the mass of the [[electron]], ''c'' is the [[speed of light]] in vacuum, ''q''_e is the [[el ...

...cquired by using diffraction techniques in electron microscopy - such as [[Electron backscatter diffraction|EBSD]]. The technique was patented in 2005, {{cite ...urement, as in most [[Laser ultrasonics|laser ultrasound]] techniques, two lasers are used, one for the generation of acoustic waves and one for the subseque ...

...the emitted radiation and comparing the location of the peaks to a stress-free sample, stresses in the material can be revealed without any destructive in ...|volume=8|issue=6|pages=22–29|doi=10.1016/S1369-7021(05)70934-2|doi-access=free}}</ref> ...

...urces are suitable for spectral-selective irradiation and can even replace lasers in some cases.<ref name=yewfyh /><ref name=fsdqr /><ref name=uyjgf /> [[Electron excitation]] ...