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...ents. As described in the [[#Terminology|terminology section below]], the terminology for these properties is not uniform. This notion of "total" should not be c == Formal definition == ...

...=Ilya |last2=Pearl |first2=Judea |date=2008 |title=Complete Identification Methods for the Causal Hierarchy |url=https://www.jmlr.org/papers/volume9/shpitser0 ...ook |last=Morgan |first=S. L. |title=Counterfactuals and causal inference: Methods and principles for social research. |last2=Winship |first2=C. |date=2007 |p ...

...at their optimal ballots depend on the other voters' ballots.{{NoteTag|The terminology for this varies. Gibbard states that 'an individual "manipulates" the votin == Formal statement == ...

...as first established by [[Josiah Willard Gibbs]] in 1884. The notation and terminology are relatively obsolete today. Its uses in physics include [[continuum mech == Definitions and terminology == ...

...y element (namely the [[diagonal matrix]]). Another example, coming from [[formal language]] theory, is the [[free semigroup]] generated by a [[nonempty set] ==Formal definition== ...

...t is also used for complete scientific computations, when purely numerical methods fail, as in [[public key cryptography]], or for some [[non-linear]] problem == Terminology == ...

...e book |last1=Pauline Romera-Lebret |contribution=Teaching new geometrical methods with an ancient figure in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the new t ...he point of concurrency is called the [[isogonal conjugate]] of P. In this terminology, the Lemoine point is the [[isogonal conjugate]] of the centroid. ...

...{{cite journal|author=Schlesinger, S.|year=1979|display-authors=etal|title=Terminology for model credibility|journal=Simulation|volume=32|issue=3|pages=103–104|do [[Category:Formal methods]] ...

...s for solving, that is, finding all solutions or describing them. As these methods are designed for being implemented in a computer, emphasis is given on fiel ...e study of generalizations of such an examples, and the description of the methods that are used for computing the solutions. ...

...ith information that (possibly) won't require any ''active'' stabilization methods. These subspaces prevent destructive environmental interactions by isolatin ...subject of [[Quantum computing|quantum information processing]] (QIP). The methods involved attempts to identify particular states which have the potential of ...

| title = Bayesian probabilistic numerical methods ...= http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/135647/1/WRAP-Bayesian-probabilistic-numerical-methods-Sullivan-2019.pdf ...

..., unlike the [[Logical disjunction|inclusive or]] generally used in modern formal logic.<ref>{{Harvnb|Inwood|2003|p=231}}</ref> These connectives are combine In more formal terms this type of syllogism is:<ref name="sellars58"/> ...

A key part of the formal statement of the problem is a mathematical definition of a computer and pro ...arrangement and treatment of topics",{{sfn|Davis|1958|pp=vii-viii}} so the terminology must be attributed to Davis.{{sfn|Lucas|2021}}{{sfn|Copeland|2004|p=40}} Da ...

...Media|isbn=978-0-387-21337-8|pages=1–2}}</ref> Consequently, the notation, terminology and level of mathematical rigour used to define and study the Poisson point ...or ''mean rate'';{{sfnp|Daley|Vere-Jones|2003|page=20}} see [[#Terminology|Terminology]]. ...

...well into the eighteenth century.{{sfn|Gardiner|1982|p=256}} However, the terminology of "function" came to be used in interactions between Leibniz and Bernoulli ...}).</ref> are traditionally credited with independently giving the modern "formal" definition of a function as a [[relation (mathematics)|relation]] in which ...

...truction and analysis of fractional designs thus rely heavily on algebraic methods. ...<math>\widetilde{U}_2</math>, and vice versa;{{refn|group="note"|In a more formal exposition, the sets <math>U</math> and <math>\widetilde{U}</math> are [[ve ...

...as a [[countable noun]], the term "a logic" refers to a specific logical [[formal system]] that articulates a [[proof system]]. Logic plays a central role in ...main system of logic in the Western world until it was replaced by modern formal logic, which has its roots in the work of late 19th-century mathematicians ...

...e this time can be hard to read. This article lists some of this classical terminology, and describes some of the changes in conventions. ...o scheme-theoretic terminology. Other books defining some of the classical terminology include {{harvs|txt|last=Baker|year1=1922a|year2=1922b|year3=1923|year4=192 ...

...dependent variable.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Rencher |first1=Alvin C. |title=Methods of Multivariate Analysis |volume=709 |page=19 |year=2012 |url=https://books ===Notation and terminology=== ...

...ing [[mathematical analysis]] instead of [[Generality of algebra|algebraic methods]] to put [[calculus]] on a more rigorous footing.{{r|fenchel|dwilewicz}} ...nd dividing the plane into two unbounded regions.{{r|moore}} However, this terminology is ambiguous as other sources refer to a curve with two distinct endpoints ...