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...'' is the ratio of the net gain or loss (which is the total of net income, foreign currency appreciation and capital gain, whether realized or not) which a po ===Direct historical measurement=== ...

...r, or an armed conflict. The donation can take the form of food, financial investment, reconstruction materials and many others and aims to the re-attainment of The focus on socioeconomic development is a direct side effect of the globalized war.<ref name=":1" /> States understood how m ...

...e entire supply chain associated with their production. This includes both direct and indirect flows: For example, the ore mined to extract the metal contain ...d may be domestic (for private households as well as the public sector) or foreign (exports) and can be written as an {{math|<var>n</var>&times;1}} vector. Wh ...

...al security contributions and tax on "ordinary income" for persons. Most [[direct taxes]] are collected by the Norwegian Tax Administration ({{Lang|no|Skatte ...onal guidance and instruction to local tax collection offices that collect direct taxes.<ref>{{cite web ...

...ull/10.1080/20430795.2017.1314814|journal=Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=233–274|doi=10.1080/20430795.2017.131481 ...le/pii/B978012814447300015X|journal=Transforming Climate Finance and Green Investment with Blockchains|language=en|pages=201–216|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-814447-3.0 ...

...e profits produced by Australian-based mining operations, 83% of which are foreign-owned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/fe ...ponent of the tax, arguing that it would drive away billions of dollars of investment.<ref name="rpraf">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/media/ri ...

...jects]] should receive investment [[funding]], and whether to finance that investment with [[ownership equity|equity]] or [[debt]] capital. [[Working capital]] m ...'' are also associated with [[investment banking]]. The typical role of an investment bank is to evaluate the company's financial needs and raise the appropriate ...

...s/renewable-energy-europe-africa |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=European Investment Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fit for 55 |url=https://www.consilium.eu ...>{{cite web |title=Financing the green transition: The European Green Deal Investment Plan and Just Transition Mechanism |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/pre ...

{{Short description|Centralized investment and economic input decision-making model under Leninist states}} ..."[[Great Purge|conscious wreckers]] who had acted on the instructions of a foreign power".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trotsky |first1=Leon |title=The Revolution B ...

.... This means that there is no reason for [[entrepreneur]]s to revise their investment plans upwards or downwards. See Dray (2010)</ref> and turns [[Business cycl ...bor productivity both respond to the pressure of demand, both domestic and foreign. Their view does not mean, post-Keynesians state, that demand growth determ ...

...low phenomenon is distinct from [[reciprocal altruism]], which may imply a direct financial incentive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Morelli|first1=Sylvia A.|last ...s are paired with donations. When consumers are exposed to products with a direct cause marketing association, their appraisal of both the product and the co ...

{{defn|A positive effect on private fixed investment because of the growth of the market economy. Rising GDP usually implies tha {{defn|A school of thought based around industry protection, government investment in infrastructure, and a national bank.}} ...

...orpus (''nūshādhir'') is Iranian in origin, it has been suggested that the direct precursors of Jabirian alchemy may have been active in the [[Hellenization| ...0110713054415/http://www.irantradelaw.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/Irans-Foreign-Trade-Regime-Report.pdf |archive-date=13 July 2011 |via=Iran Trade Law}}</r ...

...e was my first teacher in Cambridge. When, in October 1956, I arrived as a foreign research student almost ignorant of economics (and of English), innocent of ..., and in which there are capitalists and workers, starting from the saving-investment identity, Kaldor came to the following identity between investments and sav ...

...for all returning Israelis, and would apply beginning on 13 March for all foreign citizens, who must show that they have arranged for accommodation during th On 20 December 2020, Israel announced an entry ban on all foreign travelers arriving from the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Denmark.<ref> ...

...lue. Lastly, he shows how the trade of commodities for money gives rise to investment capital. Tradeable wares, money and capital are historical preconditions fo ...(provided people are willing to trade) it possesses the characteristic of direct and universal exchangeability in precisely measured quantities. ...

...the greatest latitude permitted by the treaty. The treaty also contains a direct copy of the "debt brake" criteria outlined in the Stability and Growth Pact ...rozone required a common fiscal policy rather than controls on [[portfolio investment]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID= ...