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...the surface of the objects, making the Optical Stretcher – unlike [[atomic force microscopy]] or [[micropipette aspiration]] – a tool for contact-free [[rhe ...ocus limits the laser powers that one can use in the optical tweezers to a force range too low for rheology experiments, i.e. optical tweezers are suitable ...

...aser|Nd:YAG lasers]], [[Laser diode|Diode lasers]] and [[Fiber laser|Fiber lasers]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/scie ...ion [[Coefficient|coefficients]] of most plastics. Nd:YAG lasers and Diode lasers produce [[Short-wavelength infrared|short wavelength]] radiation, which tra ...

...o a frequency below the resonant frequency are called ''red-detuned'', and lasers tuned above resonance are called ''blue-detuned''.<ref name="Riehle2006">{{ For high-intensity lasers, power broadening occurs, altering the effective linewidth. The [[Rabi freq ...

..., [[Doppler cooling]] is limited by the broad [[natural linewidth]] of the lasers used in cooling. <ref> ...ld not be excited by the re-pumping light which can decrease the repulsion force from the previous cases. ...

...rs-improve-pcb-manufacturing-processes.html |title= Ultraviolet lasers: UV lasers improve PCB manufacturing processes |publisher= [[Laser Focus World]] |date ...lsion arises as a result of the rapid build-up of [[gas pressure]] (recoil force) within a cavity created by [[evaporation]]. For melt expulsion to occur, ...

* Minimizing adhesion force within the dead layer of Digital Light Projector based technologies.<ref na ...ith the same quality. Depending on the used material's type, parameters of lasers need to be tuned for avoiding the unnecessary over-curing or sintering. ...

The counter-propagation of two orthogonally polarized lasers generates a standing wave in polarization with a gradient between <math dis ...zation dependence that is leveraged to apply a spatially-dependent slowing force to the atom. ...

...erved on the [[United States Air Force Scientific Advisory Board|U. S. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board]] (1971-1978) and several DoD and DOE committees ...iversity of Illinois at Chicago]] (1987-1988), his research involved x-ray lasers and [[Microscopy#Laser microscopy|microholography]]. ...

...urement, as in most [[Laser ultrasonics|laser ultrasound]] techniques, two lasers are used, one for the generation of acoustic waves and one for the subseque ...neously solving for multiple uniquely orientated grains at once in a brute-force approach. This allows simultaneous determination of the elastic constants a ...

...ted by [[coherence (physics)|coherent]] classical light sources, such as [[lasers]]. They are based on a full [[Quantum mechanics|quantum theory]], and form ...BEs must address the [[many-body]] interactions resulting from [[Coulomb]] force among charges and the coupling among [[Phonon|lattice vibrations]] and elec ...

...ate whose transition to the excited state is not addressed by the resonant lasers. Ultracold atomic physics experiments on atomic species with poorly-resolve ...er limit]]. Unlike a MOT, which combines a molasses force with a confining force, a gray molasses can only slow but not trap atoms; hence, its efficacy as a ...

...[[Micromechanics|micromechanic]], [[Microfluidics|microfluidic]], [[atomic force microscopy]], [[optics]] and [[Telecomunication science|telecommunication s === Atomic force microscopy === ...

...he computation of [[Optical cavity|cavity]] modes (e.g., for semiconductor lasers), [[plasmon]]ic modes and [[photonic crystal]] band-structures. ...splacement <math>u_i</math> (due to thermal expansion), and the prescribed force <math>F_i</math>. The linear strain <math>\epsilon_{ij}</math> relates to t ...

...] is held constant at one [[meter per second]] against a constant opposing force of one [[Newton (unit)|newton]], the rate at which [[Work (physics)|work]] ...equipment, such as [[supercollider]]s, and the output pulses of very large lasers. A large residential or commercial building may use several megawatts in el ...

...zation and operation of the computer is performed via the application of [[lasers]] on the qubits.<ref>{{cite news |last=Genkina|first=Dina |date=2013-10-18 ...to each other, their interaction potential is dominated by [[van Der Waals force]] <math>V_{qq} \approx \frac{ \mu_{B}^{2}}{R^{6}} </math> where <math> \mu_ ...

...harge emits [[electromagnetic radiation]] while experiencing the [[Lorentz force]] induced by the presence of these electromagnetic fields.<ref name=":3">{{ The component of the Lorentz force perpendicular to the particle velocity is the component responsible for the ...

...ent in the resolution achieved through photolithography has been a driving force behind [[Moore's Law]]. Resolution improvements enable printing of smaller ...

...absent, other symmetries can quantize <math>\theta=\pi</math> and but not force <math>\boldsymbol{\sigma}^{\text{surf}}_{\text{AHC}}</math> to vanish. The ...used MnBi2Te4 to develop a form of optical memory which is switched using lasers. This memory storage device could store data more quickly and efficiently, ...

...Single FRET pairs are illuminated using intense light sources, typically [[lasers]], in order to generate sufficient fluorescence signals to enable single-mo ...CW or pulsed lasers]] can be used as excitation sources. When using pulsed lasers, suitable acquisition hardware can measure the photon arrival time with res ...

...oup=note>Or what Harrod originally termed "the rate of growth of the labor force in [[efficiency]] units". See Harrod (1939)</ref> The concept of the natura ...is treated as strictly exogenous; it is shaped by the growth of the labor force and the growth of labor productivity, without recognition nor assumption th ...