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=== Fraud Detection === ...ce, particularly in finance, cost-sensitive machine learning is applied to fraud detection. By assigning different costs to false positives and false negati ...

{{short description|Subfield of econophysics which applies quantum theory to finance}} ...puting is now being used for a number of financial applications, including fraud detection, stock price prediction, portfolio optimization, and product reco ...

...or education fund.<ref>{{Cite book|title=CFA Institute Level I: Corporate Finance & Portfolio Management|last=Conroy|first=Robert M.|year=2014|pages=237}}</r ...ket Equilibrium Under Conditions of Risk |date=1964|journal=The Journal of Finance|volume=19|issue=3|pages=425–442|doi=10.1111/j.1540-6261.1964.tb02865.x|issn ...

...recast]]er and convicted felon who spent 11 years in jail for [[investment fraud|cheating investors]] out of $700 million and hiding $15 million in assets f ...e.org/web/20210122122252/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/02/world/russia-s-finance-picture-darkens-further-as-market-falls.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ...

{{Short description|Indicator in finance}} The '''bias ratio''' is an indicator used in [[finance]] to analyze the returns of investment portfolios, and in performing [[due ...

...Bre-X Minerals collapsed in 1997 after the gold samples were found to be a fraud.<ref>"Long-awaited Bre-X court decision due Tuesday" National Post and Calg ...f the entire world's gold reserves at that time. However, it was a massive fraud and there was no gold. The core samples had been faked by salting them with ...

...holders, over and above the usual NFSA entitlements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Finance Minister announces Rs 1.70 Lakh Crore relief package under Pradhan Mantri G ...nst NFSA). Among these, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Odisha and West Bengal finance their expanded PDS entirely out of state funds while the others receive som ...

...|date=2004|title=The Effective Use of Benford's Law to Assist in Detecting Fraud in Accounting Data|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241401706|j ...on firm performance: evidence from the UK|journal=The European Journal of Finance|volume=15|issue=4|pages=385–404|doi=10.1080/13518470802466121|issn=1351-847 ...

...use the value of a [[call option]]s increases with increased [[Volatility (finance)|volatility]] (see [[options pricing]]). Stock options also present a poten ...laude Juncker]], president of the [[European Commission]]'s "Eurogroup" of finance ministers, called excessive pay a "social scourge" and demanded action.<ref ...

...can]] political parties have been cited for "pushing to keep [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives]] [[Brooksley Born#Born and the OTC Derivatives Market|unregul ...711/RiskChars9132010.pdf|work=September 13, 2010|publisher=Federal Housing Finance Agency|access-date=14 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web ...

....elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0929119912000077 |journal=Journal of Corporate Finance |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=389–411 |doi=10.1016/j.jcorpfin.201 ...he treasury where it gets distributed to the shareholders. To combat voter fraud, the votes are confidential and collusion is illegal. With this, not only i ...

...eas ([[business]], [[economics]], [[Environmental science|environment]], [[finance]], [[information technology]], [[health]], [[insurance]], [[safety]], [[sec ...nal of Finance |date=March 1952 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=77–91}}</ref> In finance, volatility of return is often equated to risk.<ref name = "Hubbard">{{cite ...

...r at the [[University of Chicago]], stated that "a real Ponzi scheme takes fraud; bitcoin, by contrast, seems more like a collective delusion."<ref name="Po ...rl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131101162852/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/10210022/Bitcoins-banned-in-Thailand.html | archive-date = 1 Novem ...

...cal comparison of published replication research in accounting, economics, finance, management, and marketing |journal=Journal of Business Research |language= === Questionable research practices and fraud === ...

...retical estimate of the price of [[option style|European-style]] [[option (finance)|options]] and shows that the option has a unique price regardless of the r {{term|[[Bond (finance)|bond]]}} ...

=== Finance === ...dit |date=2020-03-12 |title=Current landscape and influence of big data on finance |journal=[[Journal of Big Data]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.1186/ ...

...ysis is increasingly employed by [[bank]]s and [[insurance]] agencies in [[fraud]] detection, by telecommunication operators in telecommunication network an ...imatology, physics, computational neuroscience, operations management, and finance. ...

=== Finance and the economy === ====Fraud==== ...

=== Financial fraud detection === Deep learning is being successfully applied to financial [[fraud detection]], tax evasion detection,<ref>{{cite journal ...

...[[Makoto Itoh]] & [[Costas Lapavitsas]], ''Political economy of money and finance''. New York: Macmillan Press, 1999, chapters 1 and 2; [[Isaak Illich Rubin] ...rue.<ref>Nasser Saber, ''Speculative capital: the invisible hand of global finance''. London: Pearson Education Ltd, 1999, p. 39f.</ref> ...