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...sed on the type of biotransducer, biosensors can be classified as shown to the right. ...e target analyte and produces an electrical signal that is proportional to the analyte concentration. In general, there are several approaches that can be ...

{{about|the short film|the timeline|Timeline of the far future}} | name = Timelapse of the Future: <br />A Journey to the End of Time ...

...lm polycrystalline solar cell. The transparent conducting coating contacts the n-type semiconductor to draw current.]] ...meshes<ref name="Emerging Transparent Electrodes" /> and ultra thin metal films.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.08.014 | volume=17 | titl ...

...ectric [[Polarization (electrochemistry)|polarization]] and is governed by the tunneling electroresistance (TER).<ref name="a" /> ...mas |first4=Reji |title=Ferroelectric tunnel junctions: current status and future prospect as a universal memory |journal=Frontiers in Materials |volume=10 | ...

{{Short description|Coupling between the magnetic and the electric properties of a material}} ...c properties of a material.<ref name="Fiebig2005"/><ref name="ZurichLab"/> The first example of such an effect was described by [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] in 188 ...

...ctron from the [[valence band]] to the [[conduction band]]. This increases the induced photocurrent and thereby efficiency.<ref name="ref5" /> ...ciency to be 63.2%, for a bandgap of 1.95eV with the IB 0.71eV from either the valence or conduction band.<ref name="ref5" /> ...

{{about|the vortex-like magnetic structure|the general model in particle physics|skyrmion}} [[File:2skyrmions.PNG|thumb|386x386px|Fig. 1 The vector field of two-dimensional magnetic skyrmions: a) a hedgehog skyrmion ...

[[File:Slot-die coating.png|thumb|A simple cross-section schematic of the slot-die coating process.]] ...as first developed for the industrial production of photographic papers in the 1950's.<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Method of coating strip material|gdate=1951 ...

...tor C-Mod Tokamak Interior.jpg|thumb|Interior of [[Alcator C-Mod]] showing the [[molybdenum]] tiles used as first wall material]] ...Tcv int.jpg|thumb|Interior of [[Tokamak à configuration variable]] showing the [[graphite]] tiles used as first wall material]] ...

...maging of molecular orbitals by photoelectron momentum microscopy |journal=The European Physical Journal B |date=April 2019 |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=80 ...obtains a so-called momentum map which corresponds to an intensity map of the photoelectron angular distribution]] ...

...|371x371px|Chlorine-free synthesis of tetraorganogermanes in comparison to the traditional synthesis utilizing chlorine.]] ...2</chem>, <chem>Ge(0)</chem>, and even selectively activating germanium in the presence of [[zinc oxide]] (<chem>ZnO</chem>), resulting in products that a ...

...the tissue-implant interface, increasing the lifetime and effectiveness of the implant. ...tention is paid to the actual electrodes since they are the site producing the desired function. ...

...ref>{{Cite journal |last=Caravelli |display-authors=etal |year=2017 |title=The complex dynamics of memristive circuits: analytical results and universal s ...|first3=Duncan R. |last4=Williams |first4=R. Stanley |date=May 2008 |title=The missing memristor found |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06932 |j ...

...tism]] or [[ferromagnetism]]. After the discovery of [[graphene]] in 2004, the family of 2D materials has grown rapidly. There have since been reports of ...to 2D magnetism can be measured has been the driving force behind much of the recent works on van der Waals magnets. Much anticipated transition of such ...

{{Short description|Detail of the global positioning system}} ...Errors depend on geometric dilution of precision and the sources listed in the table below. ...

...qing |title=Atomic Structure Modeling of Multi-Principal-Element Alloys by the Principle of Maximum Entropy |journal=Entropy |date=13 December 2013 |volum ...ing]] is substantially higher when there is a larger number of elements in the mix, and their proportions are more nearly equal.<ref>{{cite journal |last1 ...

...lators to the trivial insulators that does not cross the conducting phase. The diagram depicts a <math>\mathbb{Z}_2</math>topological invariant, since the ...tes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Moore|first=Joel E.|date=2010|title=The birth of topological insulators|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=464|issue ...

...e motion in the metal ("[[surface plasmon]]") and electromagnetic waves in the air or dielectric ("[[polariton]]").<ref name="nano-enhance-spp"/> ...agate along the interface until its energy is lost either to absorption in the metal or scattering into other directions (such as into free space). ...

{{Short description|Process for the dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen}} {{About|the photocatalytic system|related systems|Electrolysis of water|and|Photoelectr ...

[[File:Laminar and turbulent flows.svg|thumb|417x417px|A simple diagram of the transition from a stable flow to a turbulent flow. a) stable, b) turbulent] ...the 1980s, more computational methods are being used to model and analyse the more complex flows. ...