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...h refers to the study of designing [[income tax|a tax on individual labour income]] such that a given economic criterion like [[social welfare]] is optimized ...es |first1=J. A. |date=1971 |title=An Exploration in the Theory of Optimum Income Taxation |journal=[[The Review of Economic Studies]] |volume=38 |issue=2 |p ...

{{Short description|Ratio between net income and investment}} ...'''ROI''') or '''return on costs''' ('''ROC''') is the ratio between [[net income]] (over a period) and investment (costs resulting from an investment of som ...

...itle=Proposal for a COUNCIL DIRECTIVE on Business in Europe: Framework for Income Taxation (BEFIT) |date=2023 |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN ...is responsible for assessing the group's tax base. However, the corporate income tax rate will be determined by each individual Member State. Correlated, th ...

...ntercept|intercept]] will diverge and the slope will have a non-degenerate distribution as the sample size increases.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Phillips|first1=Pete ...the aggregate time-series relationship between consumers' expenditure and income in the United Kingdom |journal=[[Economic Journal]] |volume=88 |issue=352 | ...

...objective need to conduct a complex analysis and assess disproportions in distribution of population, labour resources and production capacity in the Russian Fede ...early all the aspects. The only exception is the [[housing affordability]] factor, in terms of which the leading cities have low indicators because of high p ...

...ill a very small amount compared to the implications of long run growth on income. ...h>\beta</math> representing the [[Discount factor#Discount factor|discount factor]]) of per period utilities (<math>u(.)</math>) which in turn depend on cons ...

...//www.in-the-money.com/pages/author.htm Mark Rubinstein]</ref> For [[fixed income]] and [[interest rate derivative]]s see [[Lattice model (finance)#Interest ...are found by multiplying the value at the current node by the appropriate factor <math> u\,</math>, <math> d\,</math> or <math> m\,</math> where ...

...uch as the multivariate normal distribution and the multivariate student-t distribution are special cases of elliptical distributions, for which the linear correla ...<math>\varepsilon_t</math> is a random drawing from a standardized normal distribution n~(0,1). In equation (1), the underlying <math>S</math> follows the standar ...

...r, NY, 2002, XXIX, 487 p. 28 illus. {{isbn|978-0-387-95442-4}}</ref> and [[factor analysis]]. In many of these models, the coefficients are referred to as " ...tandard linear regression are distributed according to a [[standard normal distribution]]; they express the influence of any unknown factors on the outcome. ...

...io |date=2012 |title=A new model of income distribution: the κ-generalized distribution |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00712-011-0221-0 |journal=Journal of where <math> \gamma_\kappa(x) = \sqrt{1+\kappa^2 x^2}</math> is the Lorentz factor. The ordinary derivative <math>\frac{\mathrm{d} f(x)}{\mathrm{d} x} </math> ...

...ml |archive-date=2010-09-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> gas transmission and distribution,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aemc.gov.au/Gas/National-Gas-Rules/Current- ...or described the 'building block approach' that it had used to drive the X factor as follows:<ref name="2001 VSC 153">{{cite AustLII |litigants=TXU Electrici ...

...[[neoclassical economics|neoclassical]] vision of aggregate production and distribution.<ref name=tche>Tcherneva (2011)</ref> The name arises from the location of ...ght into equality with the natural rate of growth by adjustments to income distribution. Although Kaldor and Pasinetti, for example, differed in how to justify thi ...

...use of the two production factors and some empirical quantity called total factor productivity. Suggesting that capital service <math>P= A_K(t) K</math> can ...008).</ref><ref>B.C. Beaudreau, Energy rent. A scientific theory of income distribution. New York, Lincoln, Shanghai: iUniverse, Inc., 2005.</ref><ref name=book>V. ...

...tput resulting from a unit or infinitesimal change in the quantity of that factor used, holding all other input usages in the production process constant. ...ion exhibits increasing, decreasing, or constant returns to scale. The key factor is that the variable input is being changed while all other factors of prod ...

...ness arrangement for petroleum extraction specifies the equity of cost and income for each member company. Where a [[petroleum concessionary licence system]] ...f name="ei13"/> ''Ownership allocation'' is also used to denote the income distribution from extracted hydrocarbons on each partner of a licence or joint business ...

...the line of [[Kaldor's growth laws|Kaldorian theory of growth]] and income distribution. He also developed the theory of [[structural change]] and economic growth, ...jor Classical problems: the ''theory of value'' and the ''theory of income distribution''. ...

* Fair Value Through Other Comprehensive Income (FVTOCI), measured at fair value with changes in fair value recorded in an ...[[economic capital]]"). This methodology requires building a [[probability distribution]] of the relevant risk factors and pick the value corresponding to a predef ...

...h events. Wemelsfelder determined a statistical estimate of the cumulative distribution of sea-level heights during high tide, and determined that the [[Frequency ...and 1937 at [[Hoek van Holland]] enabled the derivation of a [[probability distribution]] of storm surges. He published his findings in the Dutch journal {{lang|nl ...

[[File:The Minister of Agriculture, Consumer Affairs Food and Public Distribution Shri Sharad Pawar meeting All India Fair Price Shop Dealer's Federation on ...nment of India]] under the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] to distribute food and non-food items to [[Poverty in India|India's poor] ...

...given the values of the predictors, rather than on the [[joint probability distribution]] of all of these variables, which is the domain of [[multivariate analysis ...cial cases of Bayesian linear regression, with particular types of [[prior distribution]]s placed on the regression coefficients.) ...