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{{short description|Economic theory}} ....com/Finance/Fch30/F30-4.php Suranovic, ''International Finance Theory and Policy'' | Problems and Extensions of PPP]</ref> ...

...first1=Maciej |last2=Wójcik |first2=Cezary |title=Sustainability of fiscal policy in Poland in the period 2004–2017 |journal=International Journal of Managem ...ct criterion for sustainability.<ref name = "Bohn Sustainability of Fiscal Policy" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Persson |first1=Torsten |title=Deficits and i ...

...terials and many others and aims to the re-attainment of sustainable socio-economic development as well as to the re-organization of the governmental and judic ...political ideology; following the Cold War aid continued to be used as an economic multiplier more than it was a political tool.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Flec ...

...ivil War]] through various means, [[fiscal policy|fiscal]] and [[monetary policy|monetary]]. As the war lasted for nearly the entire existence of the Confed ...lt to collect. Likewise, the appropriation of [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] property in the South and the forced repudiation of debts owed by Souther ...

...the CPI. It is also used to set and monitor the implementation of economic policy. The Bank of Canada, for example, uses the CPI, and special aggregates of t The [[European Central Bank]] publishes the [[Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices]] (HICP) ...

...r=T. Rephann|author2=A. Isserman|name-list-style=amp|title=New Highways as Economic Development Tools|url=http://www.rri.wvu.edu/pdffiles/wp9313.pdf|work=West ...least under some scenarios infrastructure-based investment contributes to economic growth, both nationally and locally, and can be profitable, as measured by ...

...Mesquita and Smith, have extended the selectorate theory in various other policy areas through subsequent academic publishings and books. The theory is appl ...he choice of tax rates by incumbent political leaders, as well as medieval European history. ...

{{Short description|Centralized investment and economic input decision-making model under Leninist states}} ...nces of Soviet-style planning in Eastern Bloc countries outside the Soviet Union|date=March 2019}} ...

...y, 'Will Robots Automate Your Job Away? Full Employment, Basic Income, and Economic Democracy' (2018) [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3044 ...oints lower than before the pandemic (December 2019 to February 2020). The economic inactivity rate (is the proportion of people aged between 16 and 64 years w ...

...2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Coen |first=William | title=The global policy reform agenda: completing the job | url=https://www.bis.org/speeches/sp1604 ...017)608778_EN.pdf | title=Securitisation and capital requirements | work=[[European Parliament]] | via=[[Europa (web portal)|Europa]] | date=January 2018}}</re ...

...sions_EU.svg|thumb|Development of CO₂ emissions in the European Union.]] ...r-capita (2).png|thumb|CO₂ emissions per capita in the European Union.]] ...

...=Lauwigi |first5=Christoph |title=Raw Material Consumption of the European Union – Concept, Calculation Method, and Results |journal=Environmental Science & ...try inputs required to supply one unit of industry output. A certain total economic output {{math|'''''x'''''}} is required to satisfy a given level of final d ...

...aty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union ...FFFF00|outside the eurozone ''(not bound by fiscal<br />{{0}}{{0}}{{0}} or economic coordination provisions)''}}</div> ...

...publication/ceo-compensation-2018/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Economic Policy Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> shows since the wide use of stock options, ...publication/ceo-compensation-2018/|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Economic Policy Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> Restricted stock has its detractors, too, ...

...conomics)|producers]] (e.g., a public organization, private enterprise, or economic sector), for a single [[process]] (such as growing rice) or for any [[Produ ...uitable water resource utilization globally. Thus, it gives a grasp on how economic choices and processes influence the availability of adequate water resource ...

...portionally higher than previously, and the tobacco industry was thriving. Economic indicators for the country were strong. ...ext |date=31 August 2017}} ''Sec. 4. Support for Democratic Transition and Economic Recovery.'' See Section 4C.</ref> [[asset freezing|asset freezes]] and visa ...

...ion territories of India by area|smaller]] but [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|richer states]] of [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, ...in the wake of the structural adjustment policies that came with the 1991 economic reforms, 'targeting' (i.e. restricting welfare benefits only to the poor) g ...

...blished with revisions from 1986, "Theoretic Models: Mathematical Form and Economic Content", ''Econometrica'', 54(6), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1914299 1 ...theory is currently presented in terms of mathematical [[Model (economics)|economic models]], a set of stylized and simplified mathematical relationships asser ...

...al good|final]] marketed [[goods and services]] by all [[Agent (economics)|economic agent]]s resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and ...by a government to abandon a {{gli|monetary system}} in which the standard economic {{gli|unit of account}} is based on a fixed quantity of gold.}} ...

== Science policy == ...Science and Technology]] and the [[National Research Institute for Science Policy]] come under the [[Ministry of Science, Research and Technology]]. They are ...