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...o the charge on the polymer backbone and will spread out more. In nonpolar solvents, polyelectrolytes will coil becoming more densely packed and, if the backbo [[File:Ester cleavage.png|thumb|Hydrolysis of an ester bond on poly ([[HPMA]]-[[DMAE]]).]] ...

...[[petrochemical]] solvents. Some of the expected characteristics of green solvents include ease of [[recycling]], ease of [[biodegradation]], and low toxicity ...It is a useful solvent in many industrial processes. Traditional organic solvents can sometimes be replaced by aqueous preparations.<ref>{{Cite journal |date ...

...basic.<ref name="Schwesinger" /> The compound is very soluble in non-polar solvents, such as [[hexane]], [[toluene]] or [[tetrahydrofuran]], and is usually com ...ion]]s on weakly acidic methylene groups (e.g. in the case of [[carboxylic ester]]s or [[nitrile]]s) proceed with high yield and selectivity. For example, b ...

...3-22 |title=A theory of frequency, intensity and band-width changes due to solvents in infra-red spectroscopy |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.10 ...first3=Carlos R. |date=2016-06-09 |title=An Empirical IR Frequency Map for Ester C═O Stretching Vibrations |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpca.6b ...

...[[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s, or even a carbocation donor such as an [[ester]] or an [[anhydride]]. In these systems the Lewis acid is referred to as a ...e reactive than ion pairs, the rate of propagation is faster in more polar solvents.<ref name="Cowie Textbook" /><ref name=Raave>{{cite book|last=Raave|first=A ...

....g. N-lauroyl-L-lysine ethyl ester) || High ability of immobilizing apolar solvents || - ...rs (e.g. fatty acids and n-alkanes) || High ability of immobilizing apolar solvents at small concentration (< 2%)<ref name="Toro">Toro-Vazquez, J. et al. Therm ...

...thermoplastic]] polymers, such as [[polyester]], [[vinyl ester resin|vinyl ester]], or [[nylon]], are sometimes used.<ref name="auto"/> The properties of th ...hile [[Acid|acidic]] catalysts are used for more resistant polymers. Other solvents, such as [[ethanol]], [[acetone]], and their mixtures, have also been explo ...

** based on organic solvents, such as [[Dimethylformamide|DMF]], [[Dimethylacetamide|DMA]], [[gamma-Buty ** based on high water containing solvents, for so-called "low impedance", "low ESR" or "high ripple current" capacito ...

...erials morphology on the nanoscale. Important variables include materials, solvents and the donor-acceptor weight ratio. ...r poly-3-hexyl thiophene (P3HT), phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester ([[PCBM]]) devices where the PCBM tends to accumulate towards the device's ...