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....<ref>{{cite arXiv |first=C. |last=Keeton |date=June 2002 |title=A Catalog of Mass Models for Gravitational Lensing |eprint=astro-ph/0102341v2 }}</ref> .... However, it is commonly utilized in the literature due to the simplicity of its form. ...

...\left(\theta\right)</math>, the [[Albert Einstein|Einstein]] bending angle of light <math>(\hat{\alpha})</math>, and the angular [[diameter]] [[lens (opt [[Category:Equations of astronomy]] ...

...anian |title=Studies in Indian Mathematics and Astronomy Selected Articles of Kripa Shankar Shukla |date=2019 |publisher=Hindustan Book Agency/Springer | ==Historical significance of ''Sundari''== ...

...neutral and dense molecular regions in the [[interstellar medium]] inside of galaxies. Moreover, gas throughout space is [[turbulent]] implying it has d ...as as it cools. The clumping factor is a measure of the density variation of a medium. It is defined as:<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009MNRAS.39 ...

...the distribution of light in spherical galaxies|journal = Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume = 202|pages = 995–999|date = March 15 ...run as <math>r^{-3}</math> and <math>r^{-1}</math> in at least some parts of their envelopes and cores, respectively. This would imply that the spatial ...

...expresses the [[radiance factor]] (RADF) as a function the [[Phase angle (astronomy)|phase angle]] (<math>\alpha</math>), the [[photometric latitude]] (<math>\ ...''Minnaert topographic correction'', a necessity when interpreting images of rough terrain. ...

{{Short description|Measure of the projected clustering of galaxies}} ...ega}-1</math>, where <math>P</math> represents the conditional probability of finding a galaxy, <math>\Omega</math> denotes the solid angle, and <math>N< ...

{{Short description|Accretion of matter within the interstellar medium}} ...eutron star]] and [[black hole]] accretion. To achieve an approximate form of the Bondi accretion rate, accretion is assumed to occur at a rate ...

{{short description|Astronomical formula for the mass of a stellar system}} ...lar system]] using the apparent (angular) positions and [[proper motions]] of its component [[star]]s. The distance to the stellar system must also be kn ...

...hys224/10_Wk9-CosmicWeb.pdf Physics 224 - Spring 2010 Origin and Evolution of the Universe]</ref> ...heth–Tormen approximation overpredicts the abundance of haloes by a factor of <math>10</math> for objects with a [[redshift]] <math>z>10</math>, but is a ...

{{Short description|Equation of stability for a star}} ...real functions <math>\rho'(\mathbf{x})</math> that conserve the total mass of the star <math>\int_V \rho' d\mathbf{x} = 0</math>.'' ...

...termines the rates of [[nuclear fusion]] reactions that occur in the cores of [[star]]s. ...lear Reactions for Astrophysics: Principles, Calculations and Applications of Low-Energy Reactions. |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=5 |is ...

...n]] due to the telescope's small aperture. However, the imaging resolution of telescopes with apertures much larger than <math>r_0</math> (thus including ...erature fluctuations as well as turbulence) along <math>z'</math> the path of the starlight: ...

...m variable (''x'',''y'') centred at zero, and secondly as the distribution of the corresponding radii In terms of the random vector (''x'',''y''), the distribution has the [[probability den ...

...method''' is a technique that transforms a function defined on the surface of the [[sphere]] to a function defined on a rectangular domain while preservi ...ef>C. Sun, J. Li, F.-F. Jin, and F. Xie, Contrasting meridional structures of stratospheric and tropospheric planetary wave variability in the northern h ...

...onnects the [[angular separation]] of an object with the linear separation of its image at the [[focal plane]]. ...ians per mm is given by angular separation ''θ'' and the linear separation of the image at the focal plane ''s'', or by simply the focal length ''f'': ...

{{Short description|Approximate equations of motion in general relativity}}{{More sources|date=September 2024}}{{general ...e limit where the velocities of the bodies are small compared to the speed of light and where the gravitational fields affecting them are correspondingly ...

{{Short description|Characteristic of accretion discs}} In [[astrophysics]], particularly the study of [[accretion disk]]s, the '''epicyclic frequency''' is the frequency at whic ...

{{Short description|Approximate solution to Einstein's field equations}} ...5517/rmta.v24i2.29856 |s2cid=119159263}}</ref> that describes the exterior of a slowly and rigidly rotating, stationary and [[axially symmetric]] body.<r ...

....com/books?id=BHKLFPUS1RcC&pg=PA156|location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago press |page=156 |isbn=0-226-72456-5}}</ref> ...d of light, and {{math|''μ''}} is the [[reduced mass]] of the two nuclides of interest. ...