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...d ''phantom'', as in [[phantom energy]]) is a hypothetical model of [[dark energy]]. ...hat this behavior requires at least two degrees of freedom for dark energy models involving ideal gases or scalar fields.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cai|first1 ...

...lished in 1999 which extends [[Hyperelastic material|hyperelastic material models]] to allow for the [[Mullins effect]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mullins |f ...] <math>\boldsymbol{S}_0</math>, which is derived from a suitable [[strain energy density function]] <math>W(\boldsymbol{C})</math>: ...

...accurate than [[Kohn–Sham equations|Kohn–Sham density functional theory]] models, but has the advantage of being fast, so that it can be applied to large sy ==Kinetic energy of electrons== ...

...ediction, protein-protein interactions, protein-drug interaction, and free energy calculations. There are two main approaches to using graphical models in protein structure modeling. The first approach uses [[Discrete mathemati ...

...nto two broad categories: ''vapor transport models'' and ''discrete bubble models''. ...heet cavitation that often occurs on [[rudder]]s and [[propeller]]s. These models include two-way interactions between the phases. ...

...theoretically unsatisfactory as tools to explore long run growth, as these models predicted economies without [[technological change]] and thus they would ev ...788.</ref><ref>Pokrovski, V.N. (2007) Productive energy in the US economy, Energy 32 (5) 816-822.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Pokrovskii| first = Vladi ...

...orm, making it a useful starting point for understanding more complex spin models and phases. It has been shown that the Majumdar–Ghosh model has two minimum energy states, or ground states, namely the states in which neighboring pairs of s ...

...energy with surroundings. The Andersen thermostat models this exchange of energy with the surroundings as random perturbations on randomly selected particle ...ocities. Due to this interaction with a bath, the system conserves neither energy nor momentum. In addition, the velocity autocorrelation function decays mor ...

...). The intermittency acts on the production term of the turbulent kinetic energy transport equation in the [[SST (Menter’s Shear Stress Transport)|SST]] mod ==Other models== ...

...a [[stochastic process]] in social networks. By contrast, the microscopic models are more interested on micro-level interactions between individuals. == Rumor propagation models == ...

...akefunction.<ref>A. Chao, Physics of Collective Beam Instabilities in High Energy Accelerators, Wiley Publishers, 1993. Available [http://www.slac.stanford. ==Impedance models== ...

For a lattice, the Helmholtz free energy ''F'' in the quasi-harmonic approximation is ..._vib'' is the internal vibrational energy of the lattice, or the energy of the phonon system, ''T'' is the absolute temperature, ''V'' is the volum ...

{{short description|Quantum device which stores energy}} ...ctric battery]] that uses the principles of [[quantum mechanics]] to store energy. They have the potential to be more efficient and powerful than traditional ...

'''3D-Jury''' is a [[metaserver]] that aggregates and compares models from various [[protein structure prediction]] servers.<ref name=":0" /> ...ay of aggregation) fit the true conformation better than simply the lowest-energy protein conformation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bonneau |first1=Richard |la ...

...e wave is gradually absorbed by the medium, eventually ending up as [[heat energy]]. This is known as [[Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)|absorption]] ...ca 46, 293–320.</ref> published an article where they compared different Q models. ...

...boundary diffusion activation energy over the lattice diffusion activation energy is usually 0.4–0.6, so as temperature is lowered, the grain boundary diffus ...

...ark energy]], and is therefore no longer applicable in modern cosmological models such as the [[Lambda-CDM model]], (which require a numerical integration to ==Without dark energy== ...

...ms of an invariant one during pure rotation; as by definition constitutive models have to be invariant to pure rotations). The 1st Piola–Kirchhoff stress ten The first Piola–Kirchhoff stress is energy conjugate to the deformation gradient. ...

...issipation]] (of the turbulence kinetic energy ''k'' into internal thermal energy). [[Category:Turbulence models]] ...

{{Short description|Duality between FRW models and conformal field theory}} ...nly the case for models with exact unbroken [[supersymmetry]]. Because the energy density does not approach zero as we approach spatial infinity, the metric ...