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{{Short description|Measurement of ambient electromagnetic field}} ...ugh with different characteristics. In fact, probes should not perturb the electromagnetic field and must prevent [[Coupling (electronics)|coupling]] and reflection a ...

:<math> d </math> is the distance from the radiator in meters ...mposite video|VF]] circuits and can be used as standard receivers. Some FS meters are also equipped with printers to record received field strength. ...

{{Short description|Type of electromagnetic field where a slow oscillating magnetic field is dominate}} ...ehaves differently from the more commonly used far-field [[electromagnetic radiation]]. At low frequencies the rate of change of the instantaneous field strengt ...

...t]]s, [[hysteresis]],<ref name="PL"/> unwanted [[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]], [[dielectric loss]], [[corona discharge]], and other effects. There are ...ter|meter]] tampering and bypassing, arranged false meter readings, faulty meters, and un-metered supply. Non-technical losses are reported to account for up ...

{{short description|Formula for the thermal radiation emitted by a perfect black body}} ...metric power emitted from a perfect [[blackbody]] or received by a thermal radiation detector. ...

...er=EDP Sciences|year=2009|pages=425–438}}</ref> (a type of electromagnetic radiation) into thermal (or heat) energy. These thrusters are predominantly used in [ # In order for the plasma to ignite at low levels of electromagnetic power to create thrust, it must be at a low pressure; however, if the plasm ...

However, the required [[Thermal radiation#Radiative power|radiator surface area]] is huge, hence, the system mass is .... Hedgepeth proposed, in "Ultralightweight Structures for Space Power," in Radiation Energy Conversion in Space, Vol. 61 of Progress in Astronautics and Aeronau ...

...ng and 40 centimeters in diameter. The axial magnetic field was created by electromagnetic coils and was 100 Gauss in strength.<ref name="Slough 2000">{{Cite journal| ...ginning of the discharge to rapidly heat the plasma beyond this so-called "radiation barrier" to hundreds of eV of temperature, where the plasma could be more e ...

...t law|Beer-Lambert law.]] Here, approximately five percent of the incoming radiation is absorbed in the upper 1&nbsp;mm of the ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1= ...nt heat]] release, [[sensible heat]] fluxes and the net longwave [[thermal radiation]].<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Xubin |last2=Be ...

...na the electromagnetic wave received at any point is the vector sum of the electromagnetic waves from each of the antenna elements. If the currents are fed to the an ...ms at different angles called [[sidelobe]]s, usually representing residual radiation in unwanted directions. The larger the width of the antenna and the greate ...

...GPS fixes under a clear view of the sky are on average accurate to about 5 meters (16&nbsp;ft) horizontally. ...s propagate at the [[speed of light]], this represents an error of about 3 meters. ...

...p://www.slyusar.kiev.ua/ICATT_2007_1.pdf]</ref> Their purpose, as with any electromagnetic antenna, is to launch [[energy]] into free space. However, this class of an | bibcode = 2003ITAP...51.2619S}}</ref><ref name=radiation-properties/><ref name=Antenna-substrate> ...

A '''particle accelerator''' is a machine that uses [[electromagnetic field]]s to propel [[electric charge|charged]] [[particle]]s to very high s ...re two basic classes of accelerators: electrostatic and electrodynamic (or electromagnetic) accelerators.<ref> ...

...rther information on the various high-altitude effects like blackout and [[electromagnetic pulse]] (EMP). ...leased. This normally takes place within a short distance, on the order of meters. This energy heats the air, promptly ionizing it to [[incandescence]] and c ...

...e]]s (intensities) and are primarily responsible for the intense spikes of radiation called solar radio bursts, which are byproducts of the same processes that ...le.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ginzburg|first=Vitaly|date=1946|title=On solar radiation in the radio spectrum|url=|journal=Proceedings (Doklady) of the Academy of ...

...they discovered a new way to wirelessly transfer power using non-radiative electromagnetic energy resonant tunneling.<ref name = "tunneling3">{{cite journal ...coupling systems in use or are under development for short range (up to 2 meters)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msnvideo.msn.com/?channelindex=6&from=en-us_msnh ...

...r [[beta particle]]s. However, these same fuel atoms also experience the [[electromagnetic force]] pushing them apart. In order for them to fuse, they must be pressed ...processes. These are generally related to radiating terms like [[blackbody radiation]], and conduction terms, where the physical interaction with the surroundin ...

...n or a confined snow plot, calculated as the product of the snow height in meters times the vertically-integrated density in kilograms per cubic meter. ...d to measure, yet has a critical influence on the thermal, mechanical, and electromagnetic properties of snow. Although there are multiple means for characterizing mi ...

...isting of heavier compounds which form from these gases due to high-energy radiation. The atmosphere of Pluto is notable for its strong and not completely under ...ame=Lellouch_2017/> Under the influence of [[cosmic ray|high-energy cosmic radiation]], these gases react to form more complex compounds (not volatile at Pluto' ...

The [[complex amplitude]] of a monochromatic electromagnetic wave can be represented by<ref name="Born and Wolf">{{cite book |last1=Born ...A good holography laser will typically have a coherence length of several meters, ample for a deep hologram. ...