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...f various natural and social phenomena, and has close ties to the theories of [[optimal control]] and [[set-valued analysis]]. .... Viability theory started in 1976 by translating mathematically the title of the book [[Chance and Necessity]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Jacques Monod |ye ...

{{Short description|Model for public utility regulation in Australia}} ...nents or building blocks consisting of the return on capital, the [[return of capital]] (also known as [[depreciation]]), the [[operating expense|operati ...

...e that arise from there being new goods to consider and from rapid changes of quality. ...cades, for the U.S.A.<ref>Farrell C.J. 'Commercial Knowledge On Innovation Economics' A Report, p8 [http://www.techmatt.com/techmatt/Commercial_Knowledge_On_Inn ...

...ns/listofconventions/pages/international-convention-on-tonnage-measurement-of-ships.aspx |date=2013-12-02 }}. International Maritime Organization (IMO). Net tonnage is not a measure of the weight of the ship or its cargo, and should not be confused with terms such as [[dead ...

{{Short description|Banking regulation framework}} ...vealed by the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] and builds upon the standards of [[Basel II]], introduced in 2004, and [[Basel I]], introduced in 1988. ...

...the long run without threatening government solvency or defaulting on some of its liabilities or promised expenditures. There is no consensus among econo ...d in the period 2004–2017 |journal=International Journal of Management and Economics |date=30 September 2018 |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=219–226 |doi=10.2478/ijm ...

{{Short description|Branch of nanoscience}} ...be.png|thumb|Single-walled [[Carbon nanotube|Carbon Nanotube]], consisting of a graphite sheet wrapped into a cylinder shape.|alt=]] ...

...e risk, and persistent play ultimately yields the [[stochastic]] certainty of [[gambler's ruin]]. ===Risk of ruin for investors=== ...

...r its buyers in a [[monopoly]], where multiple buyers have only one seller of a good or service available to purchase from. ...y|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/653654|journal=Journal of Labor Economics|volume=28|issue=2|pages=203–210|doi=10.1086/653654|jstor=10.1086/653654|s2c ...

...ics of participation''' is an umbrella term spanning the economic analysis of [[worker cooperative]]s, [[labor-managed firm]]s, [[profit sharing]], [[gai ...t sharing in U.S. factories, to flexible [[remuneration]] in the aftermath of [[Industrial Revolution]] and to staff democracy's application for earning ...

{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}{{Short description|Overview of payday loans}}{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2015}} ...hough that term can also refer to cash provided against a prearranged line of credit such as a [[credit card]]. Payday advance loans rely on the consumer ...

| name = In Pursuit of the Unknown<br/><small>17 Equations That Changed the World</small> | image = File:In Pursuit of the Unknown.jpg ...

...ired control task with minimum cost, somehow defined, despite the presence of this noise.<ref>[http://answerphone/topic/stochastic-control-theory?cat=tec ...certainty-equivalence property, to be linear functions of the observations of the controllers. ...

{{Not to be confused with|Marxism}}{{Short description|School of economic thought}} {{Marxian economics}} ...

{{Short description|Branch of energy forecasting}} ...d Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance |url=https://oxfordre.com/economics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190625979.001.0001/acrefore-9780190625979-e-667 | ...

...tri |first2=Gunung |issue=10 }}</ref> are fabricated using FRP as material of construction. ...g]] processes. [[Asme|BS4994]] still remains a key standard for this class of items. ...

...ero. Negative marginal utility implies that every consumed additional unit of a commodity causes more harm than good, leading to a decrease in overall ut ...Utility |url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/law-of-diminishing-marginal-utility/ |website=Corporate Finance institute |languag ...

{{About|executive pay in general|compensation of executives in the US|Executive pay in the United States}} ...nfigured to take into account government regulations, tax law, the desires of the organization and the executive.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|last=Ellig|fi ...

{{Green economics sidebar}}{{Too technical|date=September 2021}} ...ypothesis for a Risk Cost of Carbon: Revising the Externalities and Ethics of Climate Change|date=2019|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-031 ...

[[File:Macro history economists.jpg|thumb|alt=Composite images of various people related to macroeconomic theory.| ...thought that [[market clearing|markets always clear]], leaving no surplus of goods and no willing labor left idle.{{sfn|Snowdon|Vane|2005|p=69}} ...