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...other planetary and stellar bodies.) The study of the thermal evolution of Earth's interior is uncertain and controversial in all aspects, from the interpreta ...abatic process|adiabat]] to the surface. The potential temperature of the mantle is estimated to be about 1350 C today. There is an analogous potential temp ...

...arolina|author-link2=Carolina Lithgow-Bertelloni|date=2002-10-04|title=How Mantle Slabs Drive Plate Tectonics|journal=Science|language=en|volume=298|issue=55 ...lab length calculated only for the part above 670 km (the upper/lower mantle boundary); ...

...ough the year due to the obliquity of the ecliptic and the eccentricity of Earth's orbit around the Sun|Equation of time}} ...('''LOD'''), which has increased over the long term of [[history of Earth|Earth's history]] due to [[tidal acceleration|tidal effects]], is also subject to f ...

...t description|Level representing a mechanical difference between layers in Earth's inner structure}} ...e lithosphere consists of the crust and upper solid mantle ([[lithospheric mantle]]). The green dashed line marks the LAB.]] ...

...atio helps explain the evolution of the planetary system and the origin of Earth's moon. ....epsl.2008.12.023|title=The K/U ratio of the silicate Earth: Insights into mantle composition, structure and thermal evolution|journal=Earth and Planetary Sc ...

...ort description|Application of oxidation state to the study of the Earth's mantle}} ...polyvalent]] elements in mantle materials confined in a closed system. The mantle oxidation state is controlled by [[oxygen]] [[fugacity]] and can be benchma ...

{{short description|Movement of carbon through Earth's mantle and core}} ...al cycle]] (movement) of [[carbon]] through the Earth's [[mantle (geology)|mantle]] and [[Structure of the Earth#Core|core]]. ...

...data as well. Beyond 80 million years the plate model fits better than the mantle model. ...ridges as upwellings above [[Convection|convection currents]] in [[Earth's mantle]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dietz|first=Robert S.|date=1961|title=Continent ...

...accounting for an iron fraction in between that of Mars (13%) and Earth's mantle (18%).<ref>Taylor, Stuart R. (1997). "The Bulk Composition of the Moon" [ht ...n |first3=A.G.W. |date=June 1988 |title=Collisional stripping of Mercury's mantle |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0019103588901182 |journal ...

...ynamics do not generally include the circulation of the [[mantle (geology)|mantle]], which is the subject of ''[[geodynamics]]'', or fluid phenomena in the [ ...le=The magnetic field of the earth: paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|year=1996|isbn=978-0-12-491246-5}}</ref>{{rp|a ...

|title=Introduction to the physics of the earth's interior ...]s and [[silicate]]s in the mantle have values close to 20, while in the [[Earth's core]] it is close to 50.<ref name=Poirier-2000/> ...

{{short description|Short-term changes in the Earth's magnetic field}} ...These changes mostly reflect changes in the [[Internal structure of Earth|Earth's interior]], while more rapid changes mostly originate in the [[ionosphere]] ...

...both assumed to have had the same initial calcium isotopic composition as Earth's seawater at the time of their formation. As such, being able to assume the ...milar across [[meteorites]], lunar samples, and Earth's [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]].<ref name=gey90/> ...

...al standards.<ref name=":0" /> Since Earth is differentiated the crust and mantle of Earth are enriched in tungsten-182 relative to the initial composition o ...m-182 would decay to tungsten-182 leaving an excess of tungsten-182 in the mantle. On the other hand, if differentiation occurred later in a planet's history ...

...is information can be used to provide insights into [[plate tectonics]], [[mantle convection]], the [[geodynamo]] and related phenomena. ...put a small sample under pressure that can approach the conditions in the Earth's interior. ...

...nal distances from 2° to 25°, because of its small-energy leakage into the mantle and used frequently for estimation of crustal Q. However, attenuation of th ...

...natural [[Uranium-238]] and [[Thorium-232]] decay in the Earth’s crust and mantle as well as manmade reactor-v̄_e emitted by power reactors worldwi ...-producing [[Chemical element|elements]] and their spatial distribution in Earth's interior) from geoneutrino measurements. Analysts from the [[Borexino]] col ...

...r time scales, the carbonate-silicate cycle is a key factor in controlling Earth's climate because it regulates [[carbon dioxide]] levels and therefore global ...ilicate rocks (as well as carbonate rocks). Most of the Earth's crust (and mantle) is composed of silicates.<ref name="ACSClimateToolkit" /> These substances ...

...alts ([[Mid-ocean ridge|MORBs]]), and the atmosphere can be used to deduce Earth's history of formation and [[Planetary differentiation|differentiation]] of t [[Xenon|Xe]] is the heaviest [[noble gas]] in the [[Earth's atmosphere]]. It has seven [[Isotopes of xenon|stable isotope]]s (<sup>126< ...

...ts are necessarily fixed in their locations relative to one another or the Earth's spin axis.<ref name="Kearey">{{cite book|last=Kearey|first=P.|author2=Klepe ...940|editor2-last=Elias|editor2-first=Scott A.}}</ref> At earlier stages of Earth's history, new Euler poles need to be defined.<ref name="Kearey"/> ...