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...icular work order, or provision of a service. Also, we can say it is the [[cost]] of the work done by those workers who actually make the product on the [[ ==Determination of the direct labor cost== ...

...L. & Puyvelde, F. V., 1997. Estimating Plant Construction Costs. Chemical Engineering, August, pp. 98-104</ref> ...r and construction costs change at different rates, and plant construction cost indexes are actually a composite, able to compare generic chemical plants c ...

...O) problems in the maintenance of structures|journal=KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering|volume=21|issue=6|pages=2226–2234|doi=10.1007/s12205-017-0531-z|bibcode=201 ...ural maintenance considering system reliability, redundancy and life-cycle cost using GA. Structural Safety, 31(6), 460-474.}}</ref> ...

...t that increases [[operational availability]] and that reduces [[operating cost]] by three mechanisms: Down time and cost requirements associated with diagnostics are eliminated for every item that ...

...information is based on [[decision analysis]] adapted to built environment engineering. The value of structural health information can be significant for the risk ...ncepts for the value of structural health information in built environment engineering were first formulated by Pozzi and Der Kiureghian<ref>{{Cite journal|last1= ...

...ct is produced in the required quantity and required quality at the lowest cost.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Principles of Operations Management|url=https://arch ...ng of under and over planning, and the influence of the reduction of total cost.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Production and Operations Management|last=Hax|first= ...

For both [[Chemical engineering|chemical]] and [[biological engineering]], '''Semibatch''' (semiflow) '''reactors''' operate much like [[batch reac ...hing batches. Hence, the capital costs must be weighed against [[Operating cost|operating costs]] to determine the correct reactor design to be implemented ...

...to optimize some aspects of movement production (e.g. minimizing metabolic cost).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dynamic Modeling of Musculoskeletal Motion - Spring ...ing and Simulation of Human Movement|journal = Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering|volume = 3|pages = 245–273|last=Pandy|first=Marcus G.|date=2003-11-28|langu ...

...[[synchronous generator]],<ref name="short">{{cite book|title=Power Plant Engineering|author1=Lawrence F. Drbal |author2=Patricia G. Boston |author3=Kayla L. Wes ...s shorter air gap and lower excitation field, both decreasing the size (an cost) of the generator; ...

...930}}</ref> CCP is widely used in various fields, including [[finance]], [[engineering]], and [[operations research]], to optimize decision-making processes where ...of a cost function, possibly combined with minimizing the variance of the cost function.<ref name=pu/> ...

...cedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431114002713|journal=Applied Thermal Engineering|language=en|volume=69|issue=1|pages=55–77|doi=10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014 == Cost Breakdown == ...

...author2=Fallside, F.|name-list-style=amp|institution=Cambridge University, Engineering Department|number=CUED/F-INFENG/TR.1|year=1987|url=https://www.bibsonomy.or ...each time step can be computed separately. The figure above shows how the cost at time <math>t + 3</math> can be computed, by unfolding the recurrent laye ...

...f>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/694679184|title=SME mining engineering handbook|date=2011|publisher=Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploratio ...r an open pit mine.<ref name=":0" /> This is because removal of waste is a cost to the mine whereas mining ore leads to revenue. A stripping ratio is commo ...

...ttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eqe.2888|journal=Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics|language=en|volume=46|issue=12|pages=1941–1961|doi=10 ...

...The "Dresden Declaration" calls for people's mobility needs to be met in a cost-effective and environmental-friendly way<ref name="Dresden"/>{{,}}.<ref>{{c ...tautology of transport ecology or the "4 E", i.e. Enforcement, Education, Engineering, Economy/Encouragement) are scrutinised for transparency, fairness (pollute ...

...sco |title=2006 3rd International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering |chapter=Complexity of the Mixed Postman Problem with Restrictions on the A ...)\geq0</math> for every edge <math>e \subset E \cup A</math> and a maximum cost <math>c_{max}</math>. ...

...ncedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967066198000872| journal = Control Engineering Practice | volume = 6 | issue = 11| pages = 1341–1352 | issn=0967-0661 | do ...objectives such as maximised output, energy efficiency, highest speed and cost-effectiveness. The design problem concerns both finding the best design wit ...

...ms |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |date=8 October 2014 |volume=470 |issue=2170 |pages=20140120 |doi= ...e significant improvements over the [[Euler-Maruyama]] scheme, at no extra cost. ...

...matics)|graph]] with non-negative [[Glossary of graph theory#Basics|edge]] cost.<ref name=yenksp>{{cite journal|last=Yen|first=Jin Y.|mr = 253822|title=An | <math>d_{ij}</math> || The cost of the edge between <math>(i)</math> and <math>(j)</math>, assuming that <m ...

...on the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm metaheuristic: Implementation in engineering domain and directions for future research ...ir power, some of the best initial countries (the countries with the least cost function value), become ''Imperialists'' and start taking control of other ...