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...tric equation|parameterizes]] the energy [[Spectrum|spectra]] of primary [[cosmic ray]]s in the "knee" region (<math>10^{15}-10^{17}</math> eV) by the contin ...n|parametrized]] solutions of [[inverse problem]] to reconstruct primary [[cosmic ray]] energy spectra.<ref name=sam/><ref name="samo"> ...

{{Short description|Cosmic stream of charged particles}} ...date=2016-09-28}}</ref> Because new stars and planets form from gases, the cosmic winds that push the gases away are preventing new stars from forming and ar ...

...nergy neutrinos are produced from interactions of utlra-high-energy cosmic rays, the observed rate of production of the latter places a limit on the former == Cosmic rays == ...

...etration, the m.w.e. provides a convenient and consistent way of comparing cosmic ray levels in different underground locations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w ...me="Grieder2001">{{cite book|first=Peter K. F. |last=Grieder |title=Cosmic Rays at Earth: Researcher's Reference Manual and Data Book |url=https://books.go ...

...his kind would be a third electron arriving on the 1s level. The emitted X-rays are detected by [[silicon drift detector]]s. [[File:Non-Paulian atomic tran ...e journal |last1=Bellini |first1=G.|display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Cosmic-muon flux and annual modulation in Borexino at 3800 m water-equivalent dept ...

...Bothe and Bruno Rossi: The birth and development of coincidence methods in cosmic-ray physics." Italian Association for the Teaching of Physics, ''arXiv'', 2 ...s]] or "vetos" are often used to filter common backgrounds, such as cosmic rays, from interacting with the primary detection medium. For instance, such a v ...

...dies measured intensity and composition of the nuclear component of cosmic rays at altitude 2000 meters above sea level in the energy range 100-300 GeV.<re ...

...eavy dark matter using diffuse backgrounds of neutrinos and cascaded gamma rays." ''Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics'' 2012, no. 10 (2012): 0 ...In general, indirect detection searches focus on either gamma-rays, cosmic-rays, or neutrinos.<ref name=":1" /> There are many instruments that have been u ...

...are [[volts]]. This definition is often utilised in the study of [[cosmic rays]], where the mass and charge of each particle is generally unknown. ...

...and global temperatures. As for the latter it was hypothesised that cosmic rays may impact cloud formation, therefore cloudiness, therefore global temperat ...

{{Short description|Elliptical galaxy emitting very-high-energy gamma rays}} ...''') is a [[galaxy]] with a spectrum extending to the highest energy gamma rays.<ref name="Aharonian">{{cite journal|last=Aharonian|first=F. A.|author-link ...

{{Short description|Cosmic ray acceleration mechanism}} ...n for [[ultra-high-energy cosmic ray]]s (UHECRs) and extreme-energy cosmic rays (EECRs) exceeding the [[Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit]]. ...

*'''[[Artem Alikhanian]]''', a prominent researcher of [[cosmic rays]], inventor of wide-gap track [[spark chamber]] ...Alikhanov]]''', [[nuclear physicist]], a prominent researcher of [[cosmic rays]], built the first [[nuclear reactor]]s in the [[USSR]], founder of [[Insti ...

...after the [[Big Bang]] and from more recent epochs. Observations of the [[cosmic microwave background]] and [[Big Bang nucleosynthesis]] studies have set co ...isotropies) in the [[cosmic microwave background]] (CMB), especially the [[Cosmic microwave background#Data reduction and analysis|second peak of the CMB pow ...

...10⁻⁴ of the total. Further, the uniformly terrene nature of the cosmic ray flux indicates that nowhere in the Milky Way are there any sources of h * {{cite journal|title=Comet Kohoutek and Penetrating Rays|first=Vladimir|last=Rojansky|author-link=Vladimir Rojansky|journal=[[Physic ...

...y by taking samples from the interior that have not been exposed to cosmic rays, though the latter requires large samples.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kruije ...

...cretion disks]] are supported by [[magnetic field]]s, that [[extragalactic cosmic ray]]s are accelerated in them, and he estimates to within an order of magn ...

'''Alpha particles''', also called '''alpha rays''' or '''alpha radiation''', consist of two [[proton]]s and two [[neutron]] ...and penetrate three times as far. The helium nuclei that form 10–12% of [[cosmic ray]]s are also usually of much higher energy than those produced by nuclea ...

...entified scalar force-carrier that is presumed to have physically caused [[cosmic inflation]]. |240 EeV cosmic ray ...

...ravity to act. However, the [[gas]] in star forming regions is heated by [[cosmic ray]]s and is cooled by radiative processes. The net result is that a gas i In this process, we can study the dynamics of the cosmic gas and understand the formation of stars. This is just one example. Even m ...