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...ort description|Astronomical observatory for studying the cosmic microwave background (2008–2010)}} ...xperiment]] to study the polarization of the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]].<ref name="quiet_homepage" /> QUIET stands for '''Q/U Imaging ExperimenT' ...

...h |first1=R |last2=Lustig |first2=S |title=The Hantzsche–Wendt manifold in cosmic topology |journal=Classical and Quantum Gravity |date=21 August 2014 |volum ...–169 |chapter=Topology of the universe and the cosmic microwave background radiation |editor-last2=Parijskij |editor-first2=Yuri}}</ref>]] ...

| known_for = [[Transition radiation detector|Transition Radiation Detectors]] ...Later she started to work with [[Transition radiation detector|Transition Radiation Detector]] prototypes, which were rather new at this time and which require ...

..., around 377,000 years after the Big Bang. They form the [[cosmic neutrino background]] (abbreviated CνB or CNB). The neutrinos from this event have a very low e ...verse. At this point in cosmic history, the energy density is dominated by radiation, so that <math>\rho \propto T^4</math>. As the rate of weak interaction dep ...

...fference in the temperature of neutral hydrogen and the [[cosmic microwave background]] at the end of the [[Timeline of the Big Bang#Dark Ages|Dark Ages]] and th ==Background== ...

...v preprint]</ref> In 1932, Einstein and De Sitter proposed an even simpler cosmic model by assuming a vanishing [[spatial curvature]] as well as a vanishing ...ccelerating universe]] in 1998, and observations of the [[cosmic microwave background]] and galaxy [[redshift survey]]s in 2000–2003, it is now generally accepte ...

{{Short description|Dose measurement of radiation}} ...equivalent dose''' (FED) is an informal unit of measurement of [[ionizing radiation]] exposure. Expressed in units of flight-time (i.e., flight-seconds, flight ...

...rmation of the [[universe]]'s first [[star]]s and the epoch succeeding the cosmic [[Chronology of the universe#Dark Ages|Dark Ages]].<ref>{{cite news |title= ==Background== ...

...Bothe and Bruno Rossi: The birth and development of coincidence methods in cosmic-ray physics." Italian Association for the Teaching of Physics, ''arXiv'', 2 ...counters]] or "vetos" are often used to filter common backgrounds, such as cosmic rays, from interacting with the primary detection medium. For instance, suc ...

{{Short description|A theoretical model of cosmic inflation}} ...e web |last=Clery |first=Daniel |date=2014 |title=Pioneering the theory of cosmic inflation |url=https://www.kavliprize.org/prizes/astrophysics/2014 |archive ...

{{short description|Fluctuations in the energy spectrum of the microwave background}} ...antamagazine.org/the-case-for-spectral-distortions-in-the-cosmic-microwave-background-20150630/ |magazine= Quanta|publisher= Simons Foundation |access-date=7 Jul ...

...omy)|correlation function]]. On large scales, [[gravity]] competes with [[cosmic expansion]], and structures grow according to [[Structure formation#Linear ...a transfer function which mediates the transition from the universe being radiation dominated to being matter dominated. ...

...mission for use in estimation of reddening and cosmic microwave background radiation foregrounds |journal=Astrophys. J. |date=Jun 1998 |volume=500 |issue=2 |pag ...t [[transmittance|transmits]] [[extreme ultraviolet]] and [[soft x-ray]] [[radiation]] from [[extragalactic]] objects to a greater degree than other areas of th ...

...ven the amount of departure from the homogeneity of the [[cosmic microwave background]] (CMB). ...ratio of gravitational waves to inhomogeneities of the [[Cosmic microwave background|CMB]] is correlated to the inflationary potential steepness. ...

...2cid=52968854 }}</ref> Data are taken in alternating runs without current (background) and in runs with current (signal). By analysing the detected energy spectr ...

'''GroundBIRD''' is an experiment to observe the [[cosmic microwave background]] at 145 and 220GHz. It aims to observe the B-mode polarisation signal from ...s that the telescope is ground-based, while BIRD stands for B-mode Imaging Radiation Detector.<ref name="Choi2018" /> It is related to the future, similarly-nam ...

...shielding, reducing [[Cosmic ray|cosmic radiation]] [[Background radiation|background]]. The GERDA experiment was operated from 2011 onwards at LNGS.<ref name="g ...o the expectation that further background reduction was in reach so that a background-free experiment with an even larger source strength, respectively exposure, ...

...d [[John A. Peacock|J.A. Peacock]].}}</ref> after the [[Big Bang]] (at a [[cosmic redshift|redshift]] of ''z''&nbsp;=&nbsp;{{val|1100}}).{{sfn|Ryden|2003|p= ...ajor source of opacity disappeared, and the Universe became transparent to radiation of most frequencies."</ref> The fraction of free electrons and protons as c ...

...atter in it to be fully ionised. Under these conditions, [[electromagnetic radiation]] was scattered very efficiently by [[matter]], and this [[scattering]] kep ...no decoupling#Indirect evidence from phase changes to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)]] theorises that the decoupled neutrinos should have had a very sligh ...

...se|early universe]] was [[Scale factor (cosmology)#Radiation-dominated era|radiation-dominated]].<ref name=":1" /> Searches for the products of dark matter inte ...defined as the given signal, <math>N_{bkg}</math> as the [[muon neutrino]] background, and <math>\delta</math> as the Gaussian significance.<ref name=":4" /> For ...