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{{Short description|Change in output that results from employing an added unit of labor}} ...ion]] and depends on the amounts of [[physical capital]] and labor already in use. ...

| caption1 = Schopenhauer in 1852, 64 years old ...of [[Kant]] and Schopenhauer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Weltschmerz, Pessimism in German Philosophy, 1860-1900.|last=Beiser|first=Frederick C.|publisher=Oxfo ...

In [[decision theory]], the '''von Neumann–Morgenstern''' ('''VNM''') '''utili In 1947, [[John von Neumann]] and [[Oskar Morgenstern]] proved that any indivi ...

...prominent roles in physical theories, as in the case of the conic sections in [[celestial mechanics]].]] ...in physics, and the problem of explaining the effectiveness of mathematics in physics. ...

...Bryan A. |last=Garner|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> In the United States, the journal ''[[Jurimetrics (journal)|Jurimetrics]]'' is ...], Loevinger quoted<ref>Loevinger, L. "Jurimetrics: Science and prediction in the field of law". ''[[Minnesota Law Review]]'', vol. 46, HeinOnline, 1961. ...

...e in some situations preferences can form [[cycle (graph theory)|cycles]], in which case there exists no well-defined optimal choice. An example of this ...ences possess also have major effects on [[rational choice theory]], which in turn affects all modern economic topics.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hansson ...

...cs]] and [[philosophy]], '''preference''' is a technical term usually used in relation to choosing between [[wikt:alternative|alternatives]]. For example In [[insolvency]], the term is used to determine which outstanding obligation ...

...l system]] that articulates a [[proof system]]. Logic plays a central role in many fields, such as [[philosophy]], [[mathematics]], [[computer science]], ...if...then]]). Simple propositions also have parts, like "Sunday" or "work" in the example. The truth of a proposition usually depends on the meanings of ...

...ning]] (ML) refers to the various attempts to correct [[algorithmic bias]] in automated decision processes based on ML models. Decisions made by such mod ...ethical]] concepts, definitions of fairness and bias can be controversial. In general, fairness and bias are considered relevant when the decision proces ...

In [[statistics]], a '''misleading graph''', also known as a '''distorted grap ...cause data cannot be accurately conveyed. Misleading graphs are often used in [[false advertising]]. One of the first authors to write about misleading g ...

...n this role, evidence is usually understood as a private [[mental state]]. In [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], evidence is limited to intuit In the [[philosophy of science]], evidence is material that [[Scientific metho ...

...description|Numerical score aimed at predicting a trait based on variation in multiple genetic loci}} ...ws the observed risk amounts, where the x-axis shows the groups separating in risk as they age{{mdash}}corresponding with the predicted risk scores.]] ...

''Most of the terms listed in Wikipedia glossaries are already defined and explained within Wikipedia its ..., wearing down, marring, or rubbing away. It can be intentionally imposed in a controlled process using an abrasive. Abrasion can be an undesirable effe ...

...modeling of earthquakes, physics of complex systems and pattern formation in spatio-temporal structures '''Didier Sornette''' (born 25 June 1957 in [[Paris]]) is a French researcher studying subjects including [[complex sys ...

...oposition, asserting that all members of the subject category are included in the predicate category; symbolized as "All S are P".<ref>{{Cite web |title= ...based on the best available explanation for a set of premises. Often used in hypothesis formation.}} ...

...e=July 2016|title=Statistical Power Analysis and the contemporary "crisis" in social sciences|journal=Journal of Marketing Analytics |publisher=[[Palgrav ...hy |first4=Ian |date=2021 |title=Big Data for Creating and Capturing Value in the Digitalized Environment: Unpacking the Effects of Volume, Variety, and ...

...of computer science''' is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in [[computer science]], its sub-disciplines, and related fields, including te ...tics}}) from the point of view of a {{gli|user}} of the data, specifically in terms of possible values, possible operations on data of this type, and the ...

...g|thumb|upright=1.35|Representing images on multiple layers of abstraction in deep learning<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schulz|first1=Hannes|last2=Behnke|fi ...se of multiple layers (ranging from three to several hundred or thousands) in the network. Methods used can be either [[Supervised learning|supervised]], ...

...lden Age''' was a period of scientific, economic, and cultural flourishing in the [[history of Islam]], traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 1 ...ts|Mongol invasions]] and the [[Siege of Baghdad (1258)|Siege of Baghdad]] in 1258.<ref name="Tahir Abbas">{{cite book|title=Islamic Radicalism and Multi ...

...to major advances in model organism research (e.g., [[knockout mice]]) and in human studies (e.g., [[genome-wide association studies]]), leading to new s ...phrase "[[nature versus nurture]]" in ''[[The Tempest]]'', where he wrote in Act IV, Scene I, that [[Caliban]] was "A devil, a born devil, on whose natu ...