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...are [[alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s, [[thiol]]s, and [[amine]]s. Two new bonds form: C-H and C-X (X = carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc): Cyanethylation is used to prepared numerous commercial chemicals. Detailed laboratory procedures are available for several varian ...

...Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate) from Amine Group Initiation: Role of Urethane Bonds in the Crystallinity |journal=Polymers |language=en |volume=13 |issue=2 |pa ...adable ''in vivo'' by enzymes. It is a resorbable material since the ester bonds can be enzymatically broken, producing CO<math>_2</math> and water. So, ''i ...

...ulations, relatively few liquidity problems occurred in the deposit-funded commercial banking system.<ref name=tarullo >Tarullo, D. K. (2014). Liquidity Regulati ...HQLA'''). These HQLA consist of cash, central bank reserves and government bonds to cover net outflows of liabilities under two specific stress scenarios, l ...

...ctrometry characterization of petroleum has been performed since the first commercial mass spectrometers were introduced in the 1940s.<ref name="Hamming2012">{{c ...oms), and type (double bond equivalent, DBE, also called rings plus double bonds or degree of unsaturation). The scaled data is then used to obtain the Kend ...

...ith these substructures. These substructures provide known [[chemical bond|bonds]] in the molecule. One of the earliest attempts was made by Hidetsugu Abe i ...structure information. Based on the molecular formula, the generator forms bonds between pairs of atoms, and all the extensions are checked against the give ...

...s|author=J.J. Alexander|authorlink=Insertions into transition metal-carbon bonds|editor=Hartley and Patai}}</ref> When these reactions are reversible, the ...ene ring. [[Carbene C-H insertion|Carbene insertions into carbon-hydrogen bonds]] can also occur intermolecularly: ...

...extended to other equity markets and to other types of securities such as bonds and equity options. The problem of how to construct a multi-asset class ris ...rns." Review of Financial Studies (2015): hhv059.</ref> There are numerous commercial models available, including those from [[MSCI]] and the [[Goldman Sachs ass ...

...l|Self-healing]] refers to the spontaneous formation of new bonds when old bonds are broken within a material. The structure of the hydrogel along with elec ...with Poly Ethylene Glycol ([[Polyethylene glycol|PEG]]) from the hydrogen bonds between the oxygen of the PEG and carboxylic group of PMA.<ref name="Novel ...

...n atoms (three bonds to silicon atoms are also possible). If all remaining bonds are with hydrogen atoms, perhydropolysilazane {{chem2|[H2Si\sNH]_{''n''}|}} ...or these rather expensive chemicals is relatively high because of changing commercial availability among other things. Nevertheless, for some applications, polys ...

...s with multiple functional groups polymerize into networks of covalent C-C bonds (on average 85 kcal/mol), networks formed by self-assembly, which relies on ...d structure) of a broad range of materials is highly sought after for both commercial and intellectual reasons. As noted earlier, researchers often judge gel the ...

...on the production yields. Therefore HF vapor etching became an interesting commercial fabrication technology. Water or an alcohol catalysts are required, because ...> (abs) + Si (s) → 2 Xe (g) + 2 F (abs) + Si (s)</blockquote>The fluorine bonds with the surface silicon to form silicon tetra fluoride.<blockquote>2 Xe (g ...

Photochlorination garnered commercial attention with the availability of cheap chlorine from [[Chloralkali proces ...for the chlorination of [[pentane]] in 1929.<ref name="hirschkind" /> The commercial production of chlorinated paraffins for use as high-pressure additives in l ...

== Commercial varieties == ...tions involved in gelation and aggregation of casein micelles are hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic attractions and van der Waals attr ...

...ing tendency. When a material is quenched to form glass, the stronger the bonds, the easier the glass formation.<ref>{{Citation|last=Brow|first=R. K|title= ...rength), it will be glass network modifying, since it would only form weak bonds, it would disrupt glass forming networks. ...

.... This instrument, the scanning laser acoustic microscope (SLAM), was made commercial available in 1975.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kessler|first1=L.W.|last2=Yuhas ...nd Acoustic Microscopy in Science, Moscow, Russia, 1-12, 1985.</ref> First commercial SAM ELSAM with the broad frequency range from 100&nbsp;MHz up to ultra high ...

...₂D₂ (18.04093 Da versus 18.04385 Da). Currently, two commercial models capable of such measurement are [[Thermo Fisher Scientific|Thermo Sc ...of C-H bonds during anaerobic oxidation precedes reversibly such that C-H bonds are broken and reformed faster than the net rate of methane consumption and ...

...e]] (DBD), a type of capacitive discharge, is the most common type used in commercial lamps.<ref name=jtuyf /><ref name=jytr /> A benefit of the DBD excimer lamp ...f name=pojico /> In all cases UV photons excite species or cleave chemical bonds, resulting in the formation of radicals or other chemical reagents, which i ...

! Commercial name ...silicates is related to the energy required to break and re-form covalent bonds in an amorphous (or random network) lattice of [[covalent bond]]s. The ''T' ...

...spin-paired molecules through [[Homolysis (chemistry)|homolysis]] of weak bonds or electron transfer, also known as reduction. Radicals are formed from oth ...of +243 kJ/mol. For weak bonds, homolysis can be induced thermally. Strong bonds require high energy photons or even flames to induce homolysis.{{cn|date=Fe ...

...Ozone.tif|thumb|right|400px|An example reaction scheme for the cleavage of bonds in the polymer chains of a polyolefin surface. The presence of ozone, as th ...nerally used during continuous filament or thin film processing. On a bulk commercial scale, the grafting technique is referred to as photoinitiated lamination, ...