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...ve.org/web/20200811212817/https://www.reference.com/science/many-psi-break-human-bone-f82b0d7901c28e6b |archive-date=2020-08-11 |access-date=}}</ref> ...ission the DNA in the prokaryote is not condensed in structures similar to chromosomes, but make a copy of the DNA and the cell divides in half. ...

...ell]]s generally occurs at CpG [[dinucleotide]]s<ref>Lister, R. ''et al''. Human DNA [[methylome]]s at base resolution show widespread [[epigenomic]] differ ...s of bases,<ref>Eckhardt, F. ''et al''. DNA methylation profiling of human chromosomes 6, 20 and 22. ''Nature Genetics'' '''38''', 1378–85 (2006).</ref> so CpGs g ...

...i may differ between the two chromosomes in a matching pair and that a few chromosomes may be mismatched as part of a chromosomal [[Sex-determination system#Chrom ...png|thumb|Schematic [[karyogram]] of a human, showing a diploid set of all chromosomes, except in case of the [[sex chromosome]]s in males (bottom right), where t ...

...t is a histogram with size depending on the number of sequenced individual chromosomes. Each entry in the frequency spectrum records the total number of loci with The allele frequency spectrum from a sample of <math> n </math> chromosomes is calculated by counting the number of sites with derived allele frequenci ...

...at which a certain allele appeared allows researchers to infer patterns of human migration, disease, and [[natural selection]]. Allele age can be estimated ...ocus. This methodology was applied to more than 16 million variants in the human genome, using data from the [[1000 Genomes Project]] and the [[Simons Genom ...

...permutates in individual viruses. This was also shown fragments of human [[chromosomes]].<ref name="reisner" /> ...

...ystems, but homogeneity of [[biological tissue]] is of a different sort. A human is estimated to have more than hundreds of thousands of billions of [[cell ...[[meiosis]] with [[gamete]]s performing [[syngamy]] show the function of chromosomes. Growth and accretion are started with [[blastula]] and [[gastrula]]. ...

...f regions of high recombination, such as recombination hotspots or ends of chromosomes.<ref name=":3" /> ...he use of map functions in multipoint mapping |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=174–183|pmid=3565379 |pmc=1684067 }}</r ...

...H. |last6=Zahler |first6=Alan M. |last7=Haussler |first7=David |title=The Human Genome Browser at UCSC |journal=Genome Research |date=1 June 2002 |volume=1 ...NA sequencing|sequence]] complete [[genome]]s. Among these projects, the [[Human Genome Project]] was the most ambitious at the time, aiming to sequence for ...

...le of common variation in the genomic and biological architecture of adult human height"], Wood et al 2014</ref>) The GCTA algorithm was then described and ...net/docs/genetics/2015-polderman.pdf "Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"], Polderman et al 2015</ref> H ...

...rst=J. B. S.|date=October 1935|title=The rate of spontaneous mutation of a human gene|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=31|issue=3|pages=317–326|doi=10.100 ...s from one generation to the next in males to females is less than that in human.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chang|first1=B. H.|last2=Shimmin|first2=L. C.|las ...

...nce of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study | journal ..., Susceptibility Testing, and Resistance Mechanisms Encoded by Plasmids or Chromosomes. |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2017 |volume=30 |issue= ...

.... It is a dynamic process in which [[SMC protein|structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC)]] protein complexes progressively grow loops of [[DNA]] or chromatin. ...orenza |date=2019-02-27 |title=On the length, weight and GC content of the human genome |journal=BMC Research Notes |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=106 |doi=10.1 ...

...= 10045/101216 | s2cid = 209514332 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> Studies in human [[monozygotic twins]] have provided evidence that genetic factors affect "n ...OE, Krieger AC, Özçelik T, Campbell SS, Young MW | title = Mutation of the Human Circadian Clock Gene CRY1 in Familial Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder | journa ...

...une 1978|title=Nettie M. Stevens and the Discovery of Sex Determination by Chromosomes|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/352001|journal=Isis|langu ....E. | year = 2007 | title = Which transposable elements are active in the human genome? | journal = Trends in Genetics | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | pages = ...

...an foods and have been [[domesticated]] for millennia. People use plants [[Human uses of plants|for many purposes]], such as [[building material]]s, ornamen ...ext generation, the [[gametophyte]], which is [[haploid]] (with one set of chromosomes). Some plants also reproduce asexually via [[spore]]s. In some non-flowerin ...

...st2=D. | last3=Greenhill | first3=S. J. | title=On the shape and fabric of human history | journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London [[Gene duplication|Duplication]] and [[Human evolutionary genetics#Gene loss|loss]] were invoked first to explain the pr ...

...he [[abdomen]]. The tube current is modulated during rotation. Because the human body has an approximately oval cross-section, radiation intensity is reduce ...ol area, resulting in significantly higher radiation exposure than that of human medical staff. It is important to note that since the 1970s, dosimeters hav ...

...how continents shift over millennia; and [[sociology]], which examines how human societies and cultures evolve. ...ure events that address unresolved scientific questions, such as whether [[Human extinction|humans will become extinct]], whether the Earth survives when th ...

...-date=2019-11-08}}</ref> concerning all - ''both secular and religious'' - human knowledge known to that date, namely [[Jurisprudence]], [[Medicine]], [[Phi ...elieved that Spallanzani was the first to report the effects of cooling on human sperm when he noted, in 1776, that sperm cooled by snow became motionless.} ...