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{{broader|Planetary boundary layer}} ...te |author5=Y. Izumi|title=Turbulence Structure in the Convective Boundary Layer|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|date=1976|volume=33|issue=11 |p ...

...{cite book|last=Stull|first=Roland|title=An introduction to boundary layer meteorology|date=1988|publisher=Springer|location=Netherlands|isbn=978-94-009-3027-8}}< ...tle=50 Years of the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory|journal=Boundary-Layer Meteorology|year=2006|volume=2|issue=3|pages=7–29|doi=10.1007/s10546-006-9048-6|bibcode ...

...first1 = R. B. | year = 1988 | title = "An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology" | isbn = 978-94-009-3027-8 | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers}}</ref ...

'''Representations of the atmospheric boundary layer in global climate models''' ...mate]]s. Representing the [[planetary boundary layer|atmospheric boundary layer]] (ABL) within [[Global circulation model|global climate models]] (GCMs) ar ...

== Derivation of the single-layer QG equations == ...ath>.<ref name=autogenerated1>Holton, J.R. (2004). Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, 4th Edition. Elsevier., p. 149.</ref> However, because the acceleration f ...

...=Burlington, MA |pages=124–127 |chapter=Chapter 5 – The Planetary Boundary Layer }}</ref> Prandtl himself had reservations about the model,<ref name = "pran ...

| series = Glossary of Meteorology }}</ref>) layer at their altitude but not necessarily under the cloud. Some scientists (Sco ...

...esses and Vertical Distribution of Moisture |work=Introduction to Tropical Meteorology |year=2010 |access-date=25 June 2010 |author=University Corporation for Atm ...imately {{convert|5|km|mi}} wide that extend from the [[planetary boundary layer]] to the [[tropopause]], were the primary mechanism that transported energy ...

...low only partially conserves angular momentum. Thus, the sea surface lower boundary acts as both a source (evaporation) and sink (friction) of energy for the s ...ture and sea-level pressure and <math>k</math> is the enthalpy of boundary layer air overlying the surface. ...

The following is a '''glossary of [[tornado]] terms'''. It includes [[Meteorology|scientific]] as well as selected informal terminology. * '''Boundary''' ...

...applied to study [[Synoptic scale meteorology|synoptic]]- and [[Mesoscale meteorology|mesoscale]] phenomena in the tropics. ...of the troposphere where the influence from the surface and the [[boundary layer]] is negligible. Although the framework is formulated with the gradients of ...

...1976 172">Paltridge, G.W., Platt, C.M.R., (1976). ''Radiative Processes in Meteorology and Climatology'', Elsevier, Amsterdam, {{ISBN|0-444-41444-4}}, page 172.</ ...logy For Scientists and Engineers. A technical companion book with Ahrens' Meteorology Today'', Brooks/Cole, Belmont CA, {{ISBN|978-0-534-37214-9}}, p. 400.</ref> ...

...ivalent potential temperature]] surface that highlights the surface inflow layer and [[eye (cyclone)|eyewall]] region.]] ...lation]] and [[air circulation]] are typically studied in oceanography and meteorology. ...

...diluted and fresher compared to the open ocean, but does not have a clear boundary. This extended region is called the region of freshwater influence, [[Regio ...d, indicating [[supercritical flow]]. Both the liftoff point and the outer boundary of the near-field, the plume front, are characterized by critical flow cond ...

...ns.<ref name="Holton">Holton, James R., 2004: ''An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology''. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington, MA, pp. 394&ndash;400.</ref> Wave t ...of propagation of these waves can be derived for an inviscid slowly moving layer of fluid of uniform depth H.<ref name="Zhang">Zhang, Dalin, 2008: Personal ...

...since the 1960s.<ref>Fiocco, G., Grams, G., 1964 Observation of an aerosol layer at 20 km by an optical radar. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 21, 323</ ...n the Radar Measurement of Rainfall at Attenuating Wavelengths, Journal of Meteorology 11, 58.</ref> ...

|[[meteorology]], [[oceanography]] (density stratification versus [[Earth's rotation]]) ...netic energy]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Schetz|first=Joseph A.|title=Boundary Layer Analysis|url=https://archive.org/details/boundarylayerana00sche|url-access= ...

...262517355_sch_0001.pdf|title=Weather By the Numbers: The Genesis of Modern Meteorology|publisher=The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press|author=Kristine C ...n basin, such as the Gulf Stream, to be stronger than those on the eastern boundary.<ref>National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (2009) ...

...s and its Comparison to Regional Tracer Studies|journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology|date=1978 |volume=17|issue=3|page=320|bibcode=1978JApMe..17..320L }}</ref>) TODO: Last but not least ... [[boundary conditions in fluid dynamics|bounadry conditions]] ... ...

{{Short description|Interdisciplinary field of hydrology, mechanics and meteorology}} ''Depth'' – Depth of snow is measured with a [[snowboard (meteorology)|snowboard]] (typically a piece of plywood painted white) observed during a ...