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...gh voltage. Separation is achieved by electrophoretic migration of solutes and differential partitioning. Capillary electrochromatography (CEC) combines the principles used in HPLC and CE. The mobile phase is driven across the chromatographic bed using electro ...

...27 |pmid=22264500 |bibcode=2012MarPB..64..653L }}</ref> to determining the biological connectivity of ocean regions.<ref name="BarrierReef"/> == Techniques == ...

...6. Springer, 2011.</ref> is a [[domain-specific language]] for programming and analyzing coordination protocols that compose individual ''processes'' into ...mputing)|multithreading]] systems, [[Systems biology|biological]] systems, and cryptographic protocols. ...

...229102 |issn=1088-9051 |pmid=12045153 |pmc=186604 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and then adopted by other sequencing projects. As a result of this increasingly ...n]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], or [[Perl]] or more specialized tools such as [[BEDTools]]. ...

...hrombosis|thrombogenicity]], susceptibility to [[corrosion]], degradation, and [[hydrophile|hydrophilicity]]. ...riction in biomaterial applications such as in arterial grafts, catheters, and guide wire coatings. ...

...mathematics]], [[science]]s, [[engineering]], [[technology]], [[finance]], and other areas. ...procedures that yield numeric or tabular output. Examples of quantitative techniques include:<ref name="NIST03">NIST/SEMATECH (2003). [http://www.itl.nist.gov/d ...

...eration sequencing data |author=Nielsen, R., Paul, J. S., Albrechtsen, A., and Song, Y. S. |journal=Nature Reviews Genetics |volume=12 |number=6 |pages=44 In addition to the usual application domain of SNP genotyping, these techniques have been successfully adapted to identify rare SNPs within a population,<r ...

...alytics provides valuable insights into patterns, connectivity, influence, and behavior within complex systems. ...representations—such as social media interactions, communication networks, and knowledge graphs—organizations are increasingly turning to graph analytics ...

....|author5=Smith, P.E.|title=Recent Applications of Kirkwood–Buff Theory to Biological Systems|journal=Cell Biochem Biophys|year=2008|volume=50|issue=1|pages=1–22 ...th>i</math> and <math>j</math> positioned at <math>\boldsymbol{r}_i</math> and <math>\boldsymbol{r}_j</math>, respectively, is defined as: ...

...|dosage]] of the radiation, the location of the cell in regards to tissue, and whether the cell is a [[Somatic (biology)|somatic]] or [[germ line]] cell. ...NA double strand breaks can lead to [[cell cycle]] arrest in somatic cells and cause [[cell death]]. Due to its ability to induce cell cycle arrest, ioniz ...

...ate=2021-03-18|website=www.oecd-ilibrary.org|series=OECD Series on Testing and Assessment|year=2018|language=en|doi=10.1787/9789264304741-en|isbn=97892643 ...s are allowed to attach for 24 h, and the 4 seeding medium is then removed and replaced with the experimental culture medium (phenol red free DMEM with ch ...

...DNA|cDNAs]] reveal information about both protein-RNA interaction networks and protein binding sites.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Weidmann |first1 ...ast3=Allain |first3=Frédéric H.-T. |date=January 2005 |title=RNA sequence- and shape-dependent recognition by proteins in the ribonucleoprotein particle | ...

...of techniques used to represent and compute the behaviour of [[biomolecule|biological molecules]] or [[biomolecular complex|complexes]] that can adopt a large nu ..., Emonet T | title = Efficient modeling, simulation and coarse-graining of biological complexity with NFsim | journal = Nature Methods | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | ...

...mmune systems]], fractal geometry, [[artificial life]], [[DNA computing]], and [[quantum computing]], among others. ...mmune system]], the defining properties of life forms, [[cell membranes]], and [[morphogenesis]]. ...

...s in a [[social network]], classifying webpages in the [[World Wide Web]], and inferring the research area of a paper in a scientific publication dataset. == Motivation and background == ...

{{short description|Theory and method of thinking}} ...irst3=Claire |date=August 2008 |title=Systems thinking |journal=Evaluation and Program Planning |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=299–310 |doi=10.1016/j.evalprog ...

[[File:Promoter_Activity.png|thumb|Promoter activity of the P-RM and P-R promoters vs RNA polymerase concentration in the enterobacteriophage la ...6013797}}</ref> Promoters and enhancers are required for controlling where and when a specific gene is transcribed.<ref name=":0" /> ...

...cs]], [[proteomics]], [[microarrays]], [[systems biology]], [[evolution]], and [[text mining]].<ref name="Larrañaga2006">{{cite journal|display-authors=6| ...hile exploiting existing datasets, do not allow the data to be interpreted and analyzed in unanticipated ways. ...

{{short description|Set of computational techniques}} ...for better understanding of the relationship between cell type composition and diseases.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Avila Cobos F, Vandesompele J, Me ...

...ealing intricate patterns that traditional methods such as alignment-based tools or motif analyses often miss. ...m particularly useful for tasks like gene annotation, functional genomics, and evolutionary studies. The breakthrough application in this field came with ...