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...2015 he was an [[emeritus]] professor of [[astronomy]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. ...on Laboratory]], where he performed [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic]] studies of [[Solar System]] [[planet]]s and smaller bodies. In 1964 Spinrad was invite ...

...r/academie/membre/Laskar_Jacques.htm |date=2012-04-30 }} at French Academy of Sciences</ref> ===Stability of the Solar System === ...

| Type = [[Outline of radio science|Radio science]]/[[Transponder]] | Function = Monitor the rotation and orientation of Mars ...

{{Short description|Mars 2020 electrochemical experiment}} | Name = Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment ...

{{Short description|Escape of gases from the atmosphere}} ...ker|first=James C. G.|date=1978|title=Oxygen and hydrogen in the primitive atmosphere|journal=Pure and Applied Geophysics|volume=116|issue=2–3|pages=222–231|doi= ...

{{Short description|Comet that had a close encounter with Mars in 2014}} | discoverer =[[Siding Spring Observatory]]<br>0.5-m Schmidt ([[List of observatory codes#E00-E99|E12]]) ...

{{Short description|Presence of methane on Mars}} [[File:Martian Methane Map.jpg|thumb|260px|The source of Mars methane is unknown; its detection is shown here.]] ...

{{short description|Ratio of a slightly volatile element, potassium (K), to a highly refractory element, ...U ratio helps explain the evolution of the planetary system and the origin of Earth's moon. ...

{{short description|Method by which atoms of a planet's atmosphere are ejected into space}} ...ere, which then begins to expand. This expansion continues into the vacuum of space, accelerating as it goes until it escapes.]] ...

{{Short description|Geochemical transformation of silicate rocks}} ...thumb|upright=2|This figure describes the geological aspects and processes of the carbonate silicate cycle, within the long-term carbon cycle.|alt=]] ...

{{short description|Temperature of a planet when approximated as radiating as a black body}} ...nly by its parent [[star]]. In this model, the presence or absence of an [[atmosphere]] (and therefore any [[greenhouse effect]]) is irrelevant, as the equilibri ...

<!-- ATMOSPHERE --> | atmosphere = ...

...ty Index values – [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Venus]], [[Earth]] and [[Mars]]. Sizes to scale.]] ...It was designed to be a scale from zero to one, with Earth having a value of one; this is meant to simplify planet comparisons from large databases. ...

...''' are two special [[conic]]s associated with the reference triangle. One of them is a [[hyperbola]], called the '''Kiepert hyperbola''' and the other i ...pert hyperbola and the [[Envelope (mathematics)|envelope]] of their [[axis of perspectivity]] is a parabola called the Kiepert parabola. ...

...tude and latitude. The [[prime meridian]] is the centre of the [[near side of the Moon]].]] ...Planetocentric and planetographic coordinates }}</ref> is a generalization of the [[geographic coordinate system|geographic]], [[geodetic coordinate syst ...

{{Short description|Method of geochemical research}} ...h's history of formation and [[Planetary differentiation|differentiation]] of the solid Earth into layers. ...

{{Short description|Gravitational force exerted by the planet Mars}} ...n.webp|thumb|300px|[[Gravity of Earth|Earth]] vs [[Mars]] vs [[Gravitation of the Moon|Moon]] [[gravity]] at [[elevation]]]] ...

...uthern Ontario]], Canada, above the [[Golden Horseshoe]] region, southwest of [[Toronto]].<ref name="EarthSky-20221119" /><ref name=ESA-C8FF042/><ref nam ...teroid brightened to about [[apparent magnitude]] 15 (about the brightness of [[Pluto]]) before disappearing into Earth's shadow.<ref name="MPC-object"/> ...

[[File:Pioneer 10-11 - P50 - fx.jpg|thumb|right|Helium vector magnetometer of [[Pioneer 10]] and [[Pioneer 11|11]] spacecraft]] ...ter boom of one of NASA's Voyager PIA21738.jpg|thumb|The magnetometer boom of a Voyager spacecraft, the boom allows the magnetometer to make observations ...

{{Short description|Type of fuel cell}} ...d oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) | url = | journal = International Journal of Hydrogen Energy | volume = 33 | issue = 9| pages = 2337–2354 | doi = 10.101 ...