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The '''freestream''' is the [[Atmosphere of Earth|air]] far upstream of an [[Aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] body, that is, before the body has a chance ...

{{Short description|Short-term changes in the length of the day}} ...the ecliptic and the eccentricity of Earth's orbit around the Sun|Equation of time}} ...

...iation]] from the planet. It provides an approximation for the temperature of the [[tropopause]] on [[terrestrial planet]]s with [[greenhouse gas]]es pre ...ce-Air Temperature with Satellite and Surface Observations|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=10|issue=7|pages=1505–1524|issn=0894-8755|jstor=26243273|doi ...

...renz|first1=Edward N.|title=Available Potential Energy and the Maintenance of the General Circulation|journal=Tellus|date=May 1955|volume=VII|issue=2|pag ...nergy, or the conversion of the kinetic energy of another system into that of the developing system.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lorenz|first1=Edward N.|tit ...

{{Short description|Mathematical model of instability in the atmosphere}} ...nt [[Shear (fluid)|shear]] in the [[zonal and meridional|zonal]] component of the mean state wind; the mean state zonal wind varies linearly with altitud ...

...=https://booksite.elsevier.com/brochures/geophysics/PDFs/00056.pdf|title = Earth tides.|year=2007|first1=Duncan C.|last1=Agnew}}</ref>). ...1 coronae on Venus|year=2004|last1=Hoogenboom|first1=Trudi|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=109}}</ref> ...

{{short description|Mathematical estimate of planetary temperatures}} ...e rest of space. Thermal radiation absorbed and emitted by the idealized atmosphere can raise the equilibrium surface temperature.]] ...

....07.2009_20-42-33.JPG|thumb|right|alt=Lightning bolts strike over the city of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.|Lightning]] ...t of the lower [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]], and the vertical extent of the moist layer."<ref name=NWS>{{cite web | last = | first = | author-link ...

...|10.8|1.3|p=≥|ul=Earth mass}},<ref name="Vogt2015"/> {{val|15.3|1.6|p=≥|ul=Earth mass}}<ref name="Hirsch2020"/> <!-- ATMOSPHERE --> ...

...r/academie/membre/Laskar_Jacques.htm |date=2012-04-30 }} at French Academy of Sciences</ref> ===Stability of the Solar System === ...

...height, and signal processing. This concept is associated with the notions of ''radar shadow'', the ''clutter zone'', and the ''clear zone''. ...cations/radar%20principles.pdf|title=Radar Principles|publisher=University of Illinois}}</ref> ...

{{Short description|Variation in pressure as a function of elevation}} ...en fluid, a decrease in elevation within it corresponds to a taller column of fluid weighing down on that point. ...

{{short description|Flows of liquids with varying density}} .... '''Stratified flows''' are very common such as the Earth's ocean and its atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www-vortex.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/strat.html | title ...

{{Short description|Dynamics of naturally occurring flows}} [[File:Mitch 01.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Model forecast of [[Hurricane Mitch]] created by the [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory] ...

...Animation of Akatsuki trajectory around Venus.gif |thumb |right |Animation of [[JAXA]] probe [[Akatsuki (spacecraft)|Akatsuki]]'s trajectory around [[Ven ...th and [[heliocentric orbit]] for an orbit around the Sun. The [[apsides]] of an Cytherocentric orbit are pericytherion, the [[pericenter]] (analogous to ...

...oistprecip_6_2_3.html |title=Adiabatic Processes and Vertical Distribution of Moisture |work=Introduction to Tropical Meteorology |year=2010 |access-date ...|doi-access=free }}</ref> Note that many texts use mixing ratio r in place of specific humidity q because these values tend to be close (within a few per ...

[[File:How oceans become euxinic.png|thumb|348x348px|Diagram of the mechanisms hypothesized to have formed euxinic conditions in the deep o ...[[Geochemistry|geochemist]] [[Donald Canfield]] to explain the composition of the ocean in the middle to late [[Proterozoic]]. ...

...n and constant mass, in an [[Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system|Earth-fixed reference frame]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Kenneth |la * <math>\rho</math> is the [[Density of air|atmospheric density]] ...

{{Short description|Pedagogical illustration of how the greenhouse effect causes global warming}} ...el meant for a pedagogical purpose, showing the main physical determinants of the effect. ...

'''Representations of the atmospheric boundary layer in global climate models''' play a role in simulations of past, present, and future [[climate]]s. Representing the [[planetary bound ...